当量比对猪粪空气气化效果的影响

畜禽养殖废弃物的减量化和资源化利用是畜禽养殖污染控制的主要途径,热化学处理技术为畜禽养殖废弃物的资源化利用提供了新的方式。试验采用自主设计制造的流化床反应器,对猪粪展开以空气为气化剂的气化研究。该文主要考察了当量比（ER）对气化过程和效果的影响,结果表明ER对气化过程的影响具有双重性和复杂性。ER的改变直接影响反应器内流化气体的流动速度,对反应器内温度场分布产生显著影响,随着ER的提高,使氧化还原区和高温区向反应器上部移动。ER值升高,固体得率减小,对热解气化有利,但ER值过大,使液态产物增加,对气化过程不利。燃气热值随ER值升高而降低,碳转化率随ER值升高而升高,ER值对气化效率的影响呈波动特性。猪粪气化的ER调节范围应该在0.25左右。在实际生产中根据反应器内温度分布情况、气体输出情况和反应器内的物料流化状况等对ER的作适当调控非常重要。     

Wheat yield and tillage-straw management system × year interaction explained by climatic co-variables for an irrigated bed planting system in northwestern Mexico

Wheat is an important food and income source and estimated demand for wheat in the developing world is projected to increase substantially. The objectives of this study were to gain insight into (i) the effect of tillage-straw system on yield and yield components (number of grains per m² and thousand kernel weight), (ii) the relation between climatic conditions and yield and yield components, (iii) the explanation of tillage-straw system × year interaction for yield and yield components by climatic co-variables. Wheat grain yield and yield components were measured in a long-term trial established in 1992 under irrigated, arid conditions in northwestern Mexico. Five tillage-straw management systems (conventionally tilled raised beds [CTB] with straw incorporated and permanent raised beds [PB] with straw burned, removed, partly retained or fully retained) were compared for a wheat-maize rotation. Daily climatic data were averaged over six periods corresponding approximately to advancing wheat growth stages. The PB-straw retained and PB-straw removed had the highest yields (average yield of 7.31 and 7.24 t ha⁻¹, respectively) and grains per m². The PB-straw burned had the lowest yield (average yield of 6.65 t ha⁻¹) and grains per m², but the highest thousand kernel weight. Maximum temperature was positively correlated to final grain yield during tillering and head differentiation, but was negatively correlated to thousand kernel weight during grain-filling. For the tillage-straw system year interaction, three groups of management systems were distinguished for yield and grains per m²: PB-straw burned, CTB-straw incorporated and PB where straw is not burned. The CTB-straw incorporated had a positive interaction with year in favorable years with high radiation and evapotranspiration. The PB-straw burned was relatively more affected by excess water conditions and showed positive interactions in years with high relative humidity. The PB-straw retained was the most stable in different climatic conditions, indicating that this management system could contribute to maintaining wheat yield in a changing climate scenario.     

生物质热解固体热载体高温烟气加热装置设计与试验

固体热载体加热生物质是生物质热解制取生物油的工艺手段之一。为解决固体热载体间接加热方式升温慢、效率低问题,设计了一种流化床生物质燃烧的热烟气直接加热固体热载体装置,分析了其结构与原理,开展了固体热载体升温性能和流化床燃烧器的燃烧特性试验研究,并对试验结果进行了热平衡分析。结果表明:流化床高温烟气加热陶瓷球热载体的平均热能利用率为66.3%,流化床燃烧生物质粉产生的高温烟气能够满足热载体加热装置对热源的需求,热载体加热器内的热量传递方式主要是对流换热。陶瓷球热载体与加热器内高温烟气的对流传热系数为475 W/(m~2·℃)。研究对结果对解决生物质热解液化技术中的固体热载体加热升温关键问题具有重要指导意义。     

基于分形理论的红层软岩崩解性消除方法研究

东汉末年的荆州,兴起了具有与此前儒教不同特点的新儒教－荆州学。它的形成不仅缘于宋忠、綦毋闿等刘表集团的内部成员,同时也包括了司马徽、庞德公等在野的名士。在这样广泛的交友关系中成立的荆州学到底具有怎样的特征。又是为何诞生于荆州？修习了荆州学的诸葛亮在刘备处仕官,最终在蜀汉建国过程中起到了重大作用。荆州学又在诸葛亮的思想里占据了怎样的地位？此外,在经学上师承宋忠的王肃对汉代经学的集大成者郑玄进行了全面的否定和批判。荆州学是经过了怎样的演变才出现了王肃反郑的现象？     

涡旋式流化床生物滤器水力特性试验

为把流化床生物滤器应用于循环水养殖系统,探讨其较佳的设计与运行参数,研制了一种涡旋式流化床生物滤器,并对其水力特性进行了试验研究。试验装置使用石英砂作为填料,设计了0.18～0.25、>0.25～0.425和>0.425～0.6mm3组不同粒径范围的石英砂和40、50、60、70、80和90cm6组不同初始砂床高度的双因素试验,探讨了石英砂粒径和初始床层高度对砂床流化性能的影响。结果表明:3组不同粒径范围石英砂的临界流化速度分别为(0.061±0.0088)、(0.25±0.011)、(0.48±0.014)cm/s。砂床要保持良好的流化状态,初始砂床高度与床层直径的比值(高径比)需分别大于1.43,1.78和2.14,且高径比与石英砂粒径大小成正比;在相同的膨胀率下,当初始砂床高度增加时,表面流速基本保持不变。床层压降测量显示,3组不同粒径范围石英砂单位床高的压降值分别为(7530.66±215.98)、(6925.66±364.58)和(6790.08±277.95)Pa/m,使用0.18～0.25mm石英砂测得的压降试验值与理论值较为接近,误差在2%～3%。基于Ergun方程,采用回归拟合方法得出涡旋式流化砂床临界流化速度的数学模型,可为流化床的设计和应用提供技术依据。     

流化床藻类生物质快速热裂解试验

为实现藻类生物质资源的综合利用,该文选取藻类生物质中的马尾藻进行热重分析,并在自行设计的小型流化床上进行快速热裂解试验,分别研究了马尾藻热解过程及热解产物的产率随温度的变化规律。结果表明,随着温度的升高,热解经历了3个阶段：预热解、快速热解、慢速热解,并且由于多糖、蛋白质等物质热稳定性的不同引起马尾藻在快速热解阶段出现两个失重峰。在快速热裂解试验中,选择450、500、550、600℃ 4个反应温度对马尾藻的热裂解规律进行了研究,主要考察了不同反应温度对热裂解产物收集率的影响。研究发现残炭的产率随着温度的升高而降低,而热解气的产率则随着温度的升高而升高,生物油的产率随温度变化先升高后降低,在550℃左右时产率最高,约为30.5%,这为马尾藻快速热裂解制油的推广与工业利用提供参考。     

瘤胃保护性氨基酸制备工艺及包被效果的研究

试验以棕榈油脂肪粉为包被壁材,研究了先制粒后底喷流化床包衣工艺制备瘤胃保护性赖氨酸及蛋氨酸的主要工艺参数,以人工唾液释放率为评价指标对适宜包被比例(芯材:壁材)进行了筛选。结果发现,在理想制粒及包衣工艺参数条件下,赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的适宜包被比例(芯材:壁材)分别以40:60和50:50为宜。     

Effects of leaf area and auxin on rooting and growth of rooted stem cuttings of neem

Green stem cuttings, obtained from 2-year old managed stockplants, with 30, 50 or 100% leaf area were rooted in a non-mist propagator following treatment with 0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.8% IBA solution. The rooted cuttings were transferred to polythene pots and grown in a nursery for 12 weeks. Rooting percentages of IBA treated cuttings did not significantly differ from those of control cuttings. Likewise leaf area did not significantly influence the percentage of cuttings that rooted. The effects of leaf area and/or IBA treatment in the propagation unit were manifested on the growth of rooted cuttings in polythene pots. Number of roots increased with the increase in IBA concentration and this response was enhanced by increasing leaf area. Root biomass increased with the increase in leaf area even in the control cuttings. Root development was highly influenced by the leaf area and IBA, and hence the growth of rooted cuttings. Cuttings treated with 0.2 or 0.4% IBA at 100% leaf area yielded the best performing rooted cuttings.     

升温方式对中试鼓泡流化床气化过程的影响

为了研究中试鼓泡流化床升温过程特性,试验以木屑为原料,处理量50kg/h的自供热中试鼓泡流化床为反应装置,采取3种不同的升温方式进行空气气化试验研究。升温过程分别采用木屑、木屑与木炭混合、木炭为加热原料,针对气化前期系统升温过程中的气化温度、焦油含量、气体品质及最小流化速度进行了研究。结果表明:采用纯木炭的升温方式效果较为理想;气化主反应区温度控制在900℃以上,温度及升温速率的提高有利于减少焦油生成量,实测焦油含量为1.15g/m3;空气气化时热值可达6.9MJ/m3;最小流化速度受床料粒径和升温速率影响。该试验可为自供热中试流化床试验平台的升温方式提供一种设备简单,操作方便、快捷,经济性好的新方法。