Dam construction and ecological change in the riparian forest of the Hadejia – Jama'are floodplain,Nigeria

Riparian forests in the Sahel zone of Africa are of considerable importance for human resource use and for their ecological and conservation value. Typical riparian forest tree species are dependent on river flows and a shallow aquifer, and the community and population structure of riparian forests is related to spatial and temporal patterns of flooding at a site. Therefore, changes in hydrology caused by dams cause changes in floodplain vegetation. This paper explores the spatio-temporal complexity of these changes through an analysis of regeneration in a Nigerian floodplain affected by dams built in the early 1970s. The study shows that under certain conditions, and given sufficient time, riparian forests may be changing to forest types more characteristic of unflooded, upland areas. The results of the study have implications for the way in which the sustainability of developments downstream of large dams are analysed, suggesting that assessment of impacts must take place within temporal parameters relevant to ecological processes and at spatial scales that encompass spatial variation in floodplain ecosystems.     

Characterizing seasonal dynamics of Amazonian wetlands for conservation and decision making

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Movement patterns of adult peacock bass Cichla temensis between tributaries of the middle Negro River basin (Amazonas – Brazil): an otolith geochemical analysis

Geological heterogeneity in the Negro River basin creates differences in isotopic and elemental composition of rivers. Recent studies indicate that ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca can be used to determine the natal origins of peacock bass Cichla temensis (Humboldt) and reconstruct individual movement histories. This method was used to analyse otoliths from adult C. temensis collected from two locations on the mainstem Negro River and six tributaries around these core areas. Applying discriminant functions derived from young‐of‐year reference otolith data to determine natal origins of adults indicated that 42% of adults sampled were collected from the same area in which they were spawned. However, variation in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope values along the axis of otoliths indicated that C. temensis movements are much more dynamic than previously concluded. This new information on the spatial distribution of C. temensis can be used to support effective strategies for fishery management in the Negro River basin.     

南方山区建设项目河滩地弃渣场设计探讨

在中国南方丘陵低山区 ,开发建设项目弃渣场布设在河漫滩 ,具有施工便利、投资省、征地少、弃渣量大等优点。但河漫滩是河道行洪断面的组成部分 ,弃渣场设计时 ,应进行详细的防洪计算 ,满足河道防洪规划的要求 ,不仅应注意弃渣场本身的安全 ,还应考虑对上下游防护对象的不利影响 ;同时应充分结合防洪、造地、小城镇建设、新农村建设等规划 ,以取得最佳的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益     

Contributions of ethnobiology to the conservation of tropical rivers and streams

• 1. This study aimed to link basic ethnobiological research on local ecological knowledge (LEK) to the conservation of Brazilian streams, based on two case studies: original data on LEK of fishermen about freshwater fish in the Negro River, Amazon, and previously published data about LEK of farmers on the ecological relationship between forest and streams in the Macabuzinho catchment, Atlantic Forest.
• 2. Information was obtained from fishermen through interviews using standard questionnaires containing open-ended questions. Informants for interview were selected either following some defined criteria or applying the ‘snowball’ method.
• 3. Fishermen's LEK about the diets and habitats of 14 fish species in the Negro River provided new biological information on plant species that are eaten by fish, in addition to confirming some ecological patterns from the biological literature, such as dependence of fish on forests as food sources.
• 4. In the Atlantic Forest, a comparison between farmers' LEK and a rapid stream assessment in the farmers' properties indicated that farmers tended to overestimate the ecological integrity of their streams. Farmers recognized at least 11 forest attributes that correspond to the scientific concept of ecosystem services. Such information may be useful to promote or enhance dialogue among farmers, scientists and managers.
• 5. These results may contribute to the devising of ecosystem management measures in the Negro River, aimed to conserve both rivers and their associated floodplain forests, involving local fishermen. In the Atlantic Forest, we proposed some initiatives, such as to allow direct economic use of their forests to conciliate conflicting perceptions of farmers about ecological benefits versus economic losses from reforestation. Despite their cultural, environmental and geographical differences, the two study cases are complementary and cost-effective and promising approaches to including LEK in the design of ecological research.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渭河高陵段河漫滩沉积物指示的洪水演变

根据渭河高陵河漫滩沉积物野外调查和110个样品的颗粒分析,并结合历史文献资料,研究了高陵渭河近120 a来洪水深度、洪水规模、洪水变化与气候的关系.根据分析得出:高陵渭河近120 a来河漫滩沉积保存厚度约为4.0 m,颗粒成分主要为粗粉砂、极细砂和细砂,其中粗粉砂平均值为31.79%,极细砂平均值为23.55%,细砂平均值为19.63%.剖面中胶粒、粘粒、细粉砂、中砂、粗砂值都较小,但各层含量亦有明显的不同,具有粗细变化的节律;剖面包括16个沉积层,代表16个沉积阶段,指示16次明显的大洪水过程,其中第6、9、12、15、16、1为特大洪水.第5、14、7、11、3、13、8、10、4、2层为大洪水阶段,这些洪水阶段反映了沉积时期气候及其降水量的较大麦化.     

不同客土覆盖厚度对河滩地土壤养分分布的影响

[目的] 研究陕西省关中地区河滩地土地整治中不同覆土厚度下土壤碳氮的空间分布特征,确定耕作层稳定性的最佳客土厚度,旨在为河滩地难利用土地后备资源的开发利用提供理论依据。[方法] 于2015—2017年开展河滩地覆土田间小区试验,采用相关性分析法对不同覆土厚度条件下土壤有机质和全氮的分布特征、动态变化趋势及两者间的关系进行了研究。[结果] 不同覆土厚度下土壤有机质和全氮含量随土层加深而降低,土层深度与土壤有机质和全氮含量呈现负相关关系,土壤养分具有明显的表聚性;客土层厚度为50—60 cm时,相比其他覆土厚度类型,土壤有机质和全氮含量在各土层深度中最高,二者呈现出极显著的正相关关系（p<0.01）。[结论] 对于陕西省关中地区以黄绵土为客土来源的河滩地土地整治,客土覆盖厚度以50—60 cm为最佳,具有较好的保肥作用。     

Biodiversity values of remnant freshwater floodplain lagoons in agricultural catchments: evidence for fish of the Wet Tropics bioregion,northern Australia

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Fishing agreements in the lower Amazon: for gain and restraint

Abstract  Co-management agreements, whereby community rules for the management of local floodplain lake fisheries are legalised and enforced by the government, have become common in the lower Amazon. Agreements are intended to limit exploitation, in particular by commercial boats, to raise stock abundance and fisheries productivity for the benefit of local subsistence-oriented fishers and for conservation. A spatially replicated observational study was carried out to evaluate the performance of fishing agreements in terms of perceived rule compliance and actual impacts on fishing activities, catch and catch per unit of effort (CPUE, a measure of fisheries productivity and proxy for stock abundance). Perceived rule compliance was high, and this was corroborated by observed changes in fishing practices. Catch per unit of effort was significantly higher (by 48% on average) in areas subject to fishing agreements than in control areas without. Most likely this effect was attributable to the effective exclusion of mobile commercial fishing boats. Household fishing effort and catch in local communities were not significantly affected by the agreements, although a tendency towards slightly higher catches at lower effort was noticeable. In conclusion, the co-management agreements have led to greater local control over resources and brought significant productivity and conservation benefits.     

Spatial and temporal patterns in fish community structure and abundance in the largest U.S. river swamp,the Atchafalaya River floodplain,Louisiana

Long‐term monitoring is critical for documenting population and community trends and for management, especially in large river‐floodplain ecosystems that provide important services. Levees have reduced active floodplains in most large rivers, but connectivity in some reaches could promote community resilience. Using multivariate tools and regression, we examined spatial and temporal structure in fish community samples from two decades (>1000 samples, >100 sites) in one of the largest relatively intact river‐floodplain ecosystems in North America – the Atchafalaya River (ARB), Louisiana. Assemblages exhibited significant structure temporally and spatially, with most substantial effects of year and hydrologic subdivisions; however, season and water level also influenced community structure. Temporal trends in communities were limited to few areas, while declines in species richness were more widespread; however, rarefied richness trends suggested that declines were slight. Recent and long‐term declines in abundance of economically important species (e.g., Black Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Bigmouth Buffalo) and increases in others (e.g., Smallmouth Buffalo, Blue Catfish, Freshwater Drum) drove differences among time periods. Our results suggest that the hydrologic subdivisions of the ARB may be an appropriate scale at which to manage fish populations, hydrology and water quality. Although we could not account for several important factors affecting fish communities in the ARB (e.g., hurricanes, major floods), and were limited by sampling variability, our findings highlight the utility of long‐term datasets from large river‐floodplain ecosystems for identifying important scales for management, determining species contributions to community change and forming hypotheses about anthropogenic and environmental drivers of variation in fish communities.