Short-term evaluation of oxygen transfer from rice (Oryza sativa) to mixed planted drought-adapted upland crops under hydroponic culture

Mixed cropping is a cultivation method widely practiced in tropical regions. The newly developed close mixed planting technique mitigates the flood stress of drought-adapted upland cereal species by co-growing rice (Oryza sativa) plants under field flood conditions. We tested the hypothesis that O₂ was transferred from rice to upland crops using the model system of hydroponic culture. To confirm the hypothesis, the phenomena of O₂ absorption and release by plants were evaluated in a water culture condition without soil. Experiments were conducted in a climate chamber to estimate the amount of O₂ released from the roots of rice and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under both O₂-rich (20.0 ± .0% conc. in phase I) and O₂-free dark (.8 ± .0% conc. in phase II) conditions. The total O₂ change (between the two phases) in a single planting of rice and pearl millet was significantly higher than that of the mixed planting of rice and pearl millet, which indicated that O₂ was transferred from rice to pearl millet under a water culture condition. The result indicated that approximately 7 μM O₂ g fresh root weight^?1 h^?1 was transferred between the two plant species. O₂ transfer was confirmed between the two plant species in a mix cultured in water, implying its contribution to the phenomenon that improved the physiological status of drought-adapted upland crops under field flood conditions.     

Evaluation and development of flood‐tolerant soybean cultivars

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivars are generally sensitive to flooding stress. The plant growth is severely affected and grain yield is largely reduced in the flooded field. It is important to develop flood‐tolerant soybean cultivars for grain production in regions of heavy rainfalls worldwide. In this study, a total of 722 soybean genotypes were evaluated for flooding tolerance at R1 stages (first flower at any node) in the 5‐year flooding screening tests. Differential soybean genotypes exhibited diverse responses to flooding stress with that plant foliar damage score (FDS) and plant survival rate (PSR) ranged from 1.9 to 8.8 and 3.4% to 81.7%, respectively (p < .0001). Based on our standard of flooding evaluation, most genotypes were sensitive to flooding with 6.0 of average FDS and 38.7% of PSR. Fifty‐two soybean genotypes showed flooding tolerance and 11 genotypes were with consistent flooding tolerance during 4‐ to 5‐year continual evaluations. In the meantime, six genotypes were identified with consistent high sensitivity to flooding. The group analysis showed that genotypes from different sources had distinguishable responses to flooding stress (p < .0001). The interacting analysis of year and flooding tolerance indicated that FDS and PSR means were significantly different among 5 years due to weather temperature and flooding treatment time influences of each year (p < .0001). Furthermore, five breeding lines with high‐yielding and flood‐tolerant traits were developed using selected consistent flood‐tolerant and high‐yielding genotypes through conventional breeding approach.     

浅层淹水条件下不同施肥处理对黑土氮素净转化的影响

以东北旱作黑土为对象,在25℃和浅层淹水条件下开展了为期35 d的室内培养试验,研究不同施肥处理对黑土矿化作用和硝化作用的影响。结果表明,浅层淹水条件下土壤矿化作用和硝化作用仍能进行。与不施肥对照处理相比,施用氮肥抑制了培养初期的有机氮矿化,但对后期氮矿化没有影响。氮肥施用初期对硝化作用没有影响,但2周后显著促进了硝化作用的进行。培养期间单施氮肥处理的平均净矿化速率为N 1.07 mg/(kg·d),与对照处理没有显著差异;平均净硝化速率为N 4.50 mg/(kg·d),是对照处理的2.43倍。浅层淹水条件下氮肥配施有机物料显著促进了土壤无机氮的生物固定,培养初期氮肥配施秸秆处理的无机氮固定量大于氮肥配施猪粪处理,后期则相对稍低,氮肥配施猪粪和配施秸秆处理的平均净氮矿化速率分别为N-5.61和-3.15 mg/(kg·d),两者间差异显著。与单施氮肥处理相比,浅层淹水条件下氮肥配施有机物料显著抑制了土壤硝化作用,培养期间氮肥配施猪粪和氮肥配施秸秆处理的平均净硝化速率分别为N 0.29和0.18 mg/(kg·d),分别比单施氮肥处理下降了93.5%和96.0%。     

北方稻蟹共作系统氨挥发损失的研究

为探索稻蟹共作系统氨(NH₃)的挥发损失,在辽宁盘锦开展田间实验。实验采用二因素裂区设计,以养蟹为主因素,施肥为副因素,设置4个处理,即单作稻不施肥(R0M)、稻蟹共作不施肥(R0C)、单作稻施肥(R1M)和稻蟹共作施肥(R1C)。结果显示,在水稻全生育期,R0M、R0C、R1M和R1C的NH₃挥发量分别为8.56、7.37、45.64和41.34 kg·hm^-2。施肥是影响稻田NH₃挥发的主要因素,R1M和R1C的NH₃挥发量分别较R0M和R0C提高4.33倍和4.65倍。在施肥稻田,NH₃挥发主要集中在淹水后10 d内,该阶段的挥发量占全生育期的67.6%~76.7%。不施肥稻田的NH₃挥发速率整体较平稳。施肥也显著提高水稻氮(N)素积累量,R1M较R0M提高53.3%,R1C较R0C提高69.7%。养蟹可以降低稻田的NH₃总挥发量,从河蟹放入稻田后计,R1C的NH₃挥发量较R1M降低28.4%,差异显著;然而整个水稻生长季,R1M和R1C处理NH₃的总挥发量无显著差异。R1M和R1C处理NH₃总挥发量分别占当季施N量的28.5%和26.0%。养蟹提高了水稻N素积累量,在水稻成熟期R1C的水稻N素积累量较R1M增加25.0%。在不施肥稻田中,养蟹对削弱NH₃挥发损失和提高水稻N素积累量的效果不显著。     

淹水胁迫对不同种源流苏树幼苗光合与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】研究淹水胁迫对不同种源流苏树光合作用的影响,为流苏树在湿地及其周边环境中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】以河南、江苏和山东3个种源2年生流苏树幼苗为试验材料,设对照、轻度淹水（T1）、渍害（T2）和涝害（T3）4个处理,比较不同淹水处理下3个种源流苏树幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量)、光合特性参数（净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）和气孔限制值（L_s）)和荧光参数（最大荧光强度（F_m）、最小荧光强度（F_o）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率（F_v/F_o））的变化,采用主成分分析和隶属函数法从中筛选出耐淹能力较强的种源。【结果】在胁迫初期,不同种源流苏树叶片各光合和叶绿素荧光参数与对照相比变化不显著;随着淹水程度的加重,各种源流苏树幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量及P_n、G_s、F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o明显下降,而F_o呈明显上升趋势,C_i总体呈先降后升的趋势,L_s总体呈先升后降的趋势,河南种源总体变化幅度较江苏、山东种源更小。采用主成分和隶属函数分析法对3个不同种源流苏树的11项指标进行综合评价,得出3个种源流苏树耐淹能力强弱为河南种源>江苏种源>山东种源。【结论】河南种源在淹水胁迫下的适应能力较好,耐淹能力较强,更适合在湿地及其周边环境中应用。     

基于Planteye F500三维定量研究淹水胁迫下烯效唑对大豆的生长调控

以大豆垦丰14为材料,利用Planteye F500三维扫描仪定量研究烯效唑对淹水胁迫下大豆生长的影响,建立三维表型参数与形态生理指标之间的相关性。结果表明:淹水处理降低了大豆株高、数字生物量、叶片倾斜度、植株3D叶面积、投影叶面积和光穿透深度等形态指标,分别较对照下降20.51%、45.25%、15.60%、31.22%、18.67%和26.59%。喷施烯效唑降低了淹水处理下大豆数字生物量、株高、3D叶面积、投影叶面积以及光穿透深度,并较淹水处理低22.50%、19.25%、5.94%、14.80%和56.12%。大豆植株实际叶面积、3D叶面积、投影叶面积三者呈正相关关系。通过部分生理指标相关性分析发现,SPAD值与归一化植被指数NDVI呈正相关,与色调值、光穿透深度呈负相关。相关性分析结果为表型组学与作物栽培学的结合提供了依据。     

水分管理对Cd-Pb-Zn污染土壤有效态及水稻根际细菌群落的影响

在镉-铅-锌污染土壤上,为了探究水稻根际细菌群落多样性及结构在不同水分条件下的动态变化,采用高通量测序技术,研究了连续淹水(CF)和干湿交替(IF)两种水分模式下,镉-铅-锌复合污染的农田土壤在水稻分蘖期和成熟期根际区细菌群落组成和多样性,以揭示水稻根际区细菌群落在两种水分调控下的响应机制。研究结果表明,水分管理对土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni有效性和有效N和P含量影响显著。在水稻分蘖期,CF处理Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni有效性显著高于IF处理;到了成熟期,其Cd、Pb、Zn含量显著低于IF土壤。有效N含量在水稻分蘖期,CF处理土壤显著高于IF处理;而在两个生长时期,IF处理的有效P含量均显著高于CF处理土壤。水分管理对细菌群落α多样性影响主要表现在水稻分蘖期,主要是不同水分条件和土壤理化性质共同作用的影响。细菌群落丰度组成在水稻两个生育时期表现均有差异。在水稻分蘖期,淹水处理下的肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)和莫拉菌科(Moraxellaceae)的相对丰度高于干湿交替处理,其丰度与土壤Zn、Ni和Pb有效量之间呈显著正相关;干湿交替处理Planococcaceae群落相对丰度高于淹水处理,其丰度与有效P之间呈正相关。到了成熟期,在淹水环境下地杆菌科(Geobacteraceae)和粘球菌(Myxococcaceae)的相对丰度高于干湿交替处理,地杆菌科(Geobacteraceae)的丰度与有效P之间呈负相关。在植稻初期,土壤重金属的有效性是影响细菌群落结构的主要因素,随着植稻时间的延长,土壤养分转而成为决定根际细菌群落变动的关键因素。     

Field evaluation of mixed-seedlings with rice to alleviate flood stress for semi-arid cereals

Flash floods, erratically striking semi-arid regions, often cause field flooding and soil anoxia, resulting in crop losses on food staples, typically pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Recent glasshouse studies have indicated that rice (Oryza spp.) can enhance flood stress tolerance of co-growing dryland cereals by modifying their rhizosphere microenvironments via the oxygen released from its roots into the aqueous rhizosphere. We tested whether this phenomenon would be expressed under field flood conditions. The effects of mix-planting of pearl millet and sorghum with rice on their survival, growth and grain yields were evaluated under controlled field flooding in semi-arid Namibia during 2014/2015–2015/2016. Single-stand and mixed plant treatments were subjected to 11–22 day flood stress at the vegetative growth stage. Mixed planting increased plant survival rates in both pearl millet and sorghum. Grain yields of pearl millet and sorghum were reduced by flooding, in both the single-stand and mixed plant treatments, relative to the non-flooded upland yields, but the reduction was lower in the mixed plant treatments. In contrast, flooding increased rice yields. Both pearl millet–rice and sorghum–rice mixtures demonstrated higher land equivalent ratios, indicating a mixed planting advantage under flood conditions. These results indicate that mix-planting pearl millet and sorghum with rice could alleviate flood stress on dryland cereals. The results also suggest that with this cropping technique, rice could compensate for the dryland cereal yield losses due to field flooding.     

不同水淹条件下芦苇立枯体的分解及营养动态

以东太湖芦苇湿地的芦苇立枯体为研究对象,研究了不同水淹条件下芦苇立枯体的分解及营养动态。实验表明,在分解初期的30天内,水淹对于分解速率的影响并不明显,60天后差异性显著(p<0.01)。在分解过程中,C释放与总重量的消减基本同步。在完全水淹条件下,P元素出现了净释放,而N元素却有一定的积累。无水淹条件下,芦苇立枯体的分解速率与C/N和C/P的相关性并不明显;部分水淹条件下,分解速率只与C/N呈显著正相关(p<0.01);完全水淹条件下,分解速率与C/N和C/P也无显著相关。实验表明,一定的水淹对于枯落物的分解有促进作用,但是过量水淹又会降低氧气的可利用性,抑制立枯体的分解。     

五雷山生态公益林对小流域洪水过程的影响

以五雷山生态公益林区女儿寨小流域为研究对象,采用长期定位监测的方法,研究了生态公益林对小流域洪水过程的影响.结果表明:小流域洪水年的森林覆盖率Fi(％)与洪水滞后时间差Hi始(min)、洪峰滞后时间差Hi峰(min)、洪峰流量Wi峰(m3/s)均以一元线性关系藕合最为密切,Fi=a+bHi(始、峰)(Wi峰),a、b为...