Dispersion and migration of fine particles in two palygorskite‐containing soils of the Jordan Valley

Migration of different mineral particles within columns of soil‐sand mixtures containing 10 or 20 mass % of soil was investigated by establishing differences in the mineral suite between the ”︁bulk clay” and the ”︁mobile fine material” fractions. The ”︁bulk clay” fractions of all soils contained smectite, palygorskite, kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, and calcite. The soils were saturated with sodium by leaching with NaCl solution, and then leached with distilled water. Clay dispersion and particle migration occurred in the columns. Values of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) of the effluent decreased with time due to carbonate dissolution. At a certain SAR value, the clays apparently formed aggregates, and as a consequence particle migration stopped in the column. In addition to clay‐sized particles (< 2 μm), very‐fine‐silt‐sized particles (2— 5 μm) were able to migrate in the soil‐sand mixtures, too, and to some extent fine‐silt‐sized particles (5—10 μm) as well. Average size of mobile particles decreases with increase of soil content in the soil‐sand mixtures. The mineralogical composition of the ”︁mobile fine material” changed during the experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, the ”︁mobile fine material” was enriched in the non‐phyllosilicates (especially in calcite, and in some cases in quartz, feldspar and dolomite) and contained low concentrations of phyllosilicates (smectite, palygorskite and kaolinite). At the end of the experiment, the proportion of non‐phyllosilicates decreased, and as a consequence, the proportion of phyllosilicates increased. Among the non‐phyllosilicates, calcite was the most mobile mineral. Among the phyllosilicates, palygorskite was preferentially mobilized in topsoil horizons. In subsoil horizons, on the other hand, kaolinite was preferentially mobilized. This difference was explained by the different nature of carbonates in the topsoil and subsoil horizons. Palygorskite is preferentially occluded within the soil carbonates of lacustrine origin over smectite and kaolinite. These carbonates are present mainly in the subsoil horizons. As a consequence, the presence of these carbonates in the subsoil horizons decreases the migration of mainly palygorskite.     

Economic feasibility of growing capsicum crop under drip irrigation in West Bengal, India

Drip irrigation system has been one of the technical means to improve water use efficiency. In India, this system is gaining popularity among fruit growers and in water scarced area but a substantial area is being covered annually under vegetables crops. One of the major concerns raised by farmers about this system is its economic viability. In present study, the economic viability of drip irrigation system for growing capsicum crop based on discounted cash flow technique (Net present worth and Benefit cost ratio) was explored. Eight irrigation treatments were laid under drip with and without plastic mulch. The irrigation levels were taken as 1, 0.8 and 0.6 of the crop evapotranspiration. The pan evaporation method was used for estimation of reference evapotranspiration and Water Balance Approach was used for irrigation scheduling. The average amount of water supplied under treatment VD (100% irrigation requirement supplied with drip) was found to be 415 mm for whole growing season of the crop. Similarly the amount of water was found to be 332 mm and 249 mm for the treatment 0.8VD (80% irrigation requirement supplied with drip) and 0.6VD (60% irrigation requirement supplied with drip) respectively. Highest yield was recorded in case of treatment VD + PM (100% irrigation requirement supplied with drip plus plastic mulch) followed by VD. Yield under treatments 0.8VD, 0.6VD, 0.8VD + PM and 0.6VD + PM were significant while treatments VD, VF and VF + PM were at par with the treatment VD + PM. Net Present Worth (NPW) was found to be positive for all the treatments. The highest NPW was obtained under treatment VD as Rs. 309,734.90 and lowest was in case of 0.6VD + PM as Rs. 144,172.24. The yield per mm of water used was reported to be at higher side as 35 in both the treatments VD and VD + PM. But the yield per mm of water used was found to be lowest as 18.07 and 19 in case of VF and VF + PM respectively.     

蜻蛉河大型灌区水资源优化配置模型

 根据非充分灌溉理论,按大系统分解协调原理,建立了以总效益最大为目标的灌区灌溉水资源递阶控制优化模型,对灌区多水源进行优化配水研究。应用上述数学模型,对蜻蛉河大型灌区进行水资源优化配置研究。对于每个层次子系统,采用适宜于解决多阶段过程或能转化成多阶段决策过程的动态规划方法来求其最优解。计算结果表明：本文引用和提出的理论与方法是正确的。同时也使我们看到,经过水资源的合理优化分配,采用非充分灌溉方法将具有较大的节水潜力,此研究成果为灌区水资源合理利用提供了一种新途径。     

西瓜基质栽培智能灌溉系统的研究

设计了一种基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的西瓜基质栽培智能灌溉系统。该系统由环境信息采集装置、信息处理系统和灌溉执行结构3部分组成。环境信息采集装置主要采集影响西瓜水分需求的基质相对湿度和空气相对湿度;信息处理系统对数据进行分析与处理,判断是否驱动灌溉执行机构对西瓜进行灌溉。综合考虑西瓜在不同生长阶段基质相对湿度、空气相对湿度对西瓜需水量的影响,建立了模糊控制规则库,利用MATLAB进行仿真,证明灌溉策略的有效性。结果表明,智能灌溉系统能根据智能灌溉策略适时、适量地进行灌溉,控制基质相对湿度与西瓜生长阶段相适应,伸蔓期将基质相对湿度控制在62.82%~67.25%,开花坐果期将基质相对湿度控制在68.05%~72.18%,膨瓜期将基质相对湿度控制在72.23%~77.15%,成熟期将基质相对湿度控制在58.36%~62.13%,所测得的基质相对湿度与最佳基质相对湿度之间的误差在2%左右,满足西瓜基质栽培的灌溉需求。     

不同灌水模式下罂粟吗啡含量的变化

本文初步探讨了水分调控对罂粟不同生育时期地上主要器官吗啡含量的影响,实验结果表明,冬灌区现蕾期到盛花前期,随着灌水频率加大,罂粟壳中吗啡含量明显提高,盛花后期的连续灌水使罂粟壳中吗啡含量急剧下降,免冬灌区恰好相反,发育后期适当加大灌水频率和提高灌水量能明显的提高罂粟壳中的吗啡含量     

地下滴灌抗负压堵塞的试验研究

通过室内试验,研究地下滴灌滴头负压堵塞与滴头出水口形式、滴头流量间的关系,发现滴头出水口形式对滴头抗堵塞性能影响显著。在窄缝、舌片、圆孔3种出水口形式中,窄缝式抗负压堵塞性能最好,但相同出水口形式时,小流量(小流道)滴头对抗负压堵塞有一定的优势。     

北方旱作区小流域截潜流集水高效利用研究

论述了北方旱作区寿阳白马河流域截潜流集水工程的结构和功能特点,研究了截潜流集水效果和高效利用技术的途径和措施。为北方同类型区域综合利用区域水资源提供参考。     

根系分区交替灌溉对温室甜椒不同灌水下限的响应

依据2006、2007年两年小区试验,对根系分区交替灌溉条件下温室甜椒生长、产量及水分利用效率对不同灌水下限的响应进行了研究。结果表明：占田间持水量60%的灌水下限（T3）处理甜椒叶片光合速率最大,有效地阻止无效蒸腾失水,水分利用效率最高,占田间持水量70%的灌水下限（T4）处理产量达到最高。对甜椒产量、水分利用效率与灌水下限之间的关系进行回归分析,得出30 cm内当灌水下限为田间持水量的70%左右时,甜椒鲜质量小区产量可达最大值;当灌水下限为田间持水量的65%时,甜椒水分利用效率有最大值。综合考虑节水、增产和提高水分利用效率等多种因素,根系分区交替灌溉条件下温室甜椒灌水下限应控制在65%田间持水量左右为宜。     

卷管式喷灌机绞盘速度自动控制系统的研究

在实时控制理论的基础上,针对现有绞盘卷管式喷灌机喷头小车随绞盘速度的变化而变化并最终影响喷灌均匀性的问题,设计了一种由8051芯片构成的智能控制系统,给出了其软硬件系统实现的方案,并对该系统效率进行了分析.研究表明,该系统实现了对绞盘卷管式喷灌机绞盘速度的自动控制,有效地控制了喷头小车的行走速度,可大大地提高绞盘卷管式喷灌机的喷灌均匀性和自动化程度,具有很好的应用及推广价值.     

不同微咸水组合灌溉对土壤水盐分布和冬小麦产量影响的田间试验研究

为了研究不同组合灌溉顺序对土壤水盐分布状况和冬小麦产量的影响,2003年-2005年在河北省中科院南皮生态试验站进行了冬小麦田间微咸水灌溉试验。通过对冬小麦主根区和100 cm深度土壤的水、盐分布状况和冬小麦产量进行分析,结果表明3 g/L的微咸水可以作为冬小麦的灌溉用水,但连续使用会导致土壤发生积盐;拔节期应尽量避免使用微咸水,且不宜连续使用微咸水进行灌溉,组合灌溉最好采用咸淡交替的方式;综合土壤的积盐状况和冬小麦产量分析,淡（拔节水）淡（抽穗水）咸（灌浆水）的组合灌溉顺序为最优方案,该研究为合理开发利用灌区地下微咸水提供了依据。