Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

不同覆膜处理下春玉米叶面积指数高光谱估算

为实现快速、无损、实时监测不同覆膜处理下春玉米的叶面积指数（Leaf area index,LAI）,研究覆膜因子对LAI及冠层反射率的影响,借助高光谱遥感技术获取了各生育期春玉米的冠层反射率,在对光谱数据进行预处理后,经相关性分析提取各覆膜处理LAI的敏感单波段、敏感植被指数和特征指数,据此构建了全生育期各覆膜处理下LAI的高光谱估算模型。结果表明,覆膜对LAI的影响主要在抽雄期之前,相同施肥水平下覆膜与无覆膜处理之间LAI的差异随生育期的推进呈先减小、后增大的趋势,其中苗期差异最大,覆膜比无覆膜处理LAI增加78%以上;各覆膜处理冠层反射率之间的差异由大到小为生育中期、生育末期、生育初期,覆膜主要影响玉米对绿光和红光的吸收。基于3个指标构建各覆膜处理下LAI的估算模型,以特征指数为因变量建立的模型对LAI的反演结果精度较高,其拟合和验证决定系数R2均在0.8以上,均方根误差RMSE为0.45~0.65cm2/cm2,剩余预测偏差RPD均大于2,由于覆膜的影响,无覆膜处理LAI反演精度高于覆膜处理。以特征指数NI(722,731)为自变量建立的所有处理的混合LAI估算模型表现了反演的优越性,能降低覆膜对LAI反演的影响。     

不同施氮量下覆膜滴灌玉米相对根长密度模型研究

为探明施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区覆膜滴灌玉米根长密度(RLD)的影响,设置5个施氮水平和1个对照(CK,不施氮与不覆膜)进行试验,测定玉米RLD,建立不同施氮量下相对根长密度(NRLD)模型,并加以检验。结果表明:不同施氮处理的玉米RLD分布区域均随土层深度的增加而减小,且大部分集中在0～20 cm土层;随着施氮量的增加,RLD分布区域明显扩大; NRLD分布满足三阶多项式函数模型,模拟曲线的决定系数R2为0.951,模型检验结果R2为0.845,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.248,拟合效果好,但该多项式模型不能保证NRLD在相对取样深度Zr为1时达到0,故对玉米NRLD分布多项式模型进行优化。优化模型验证结果显示,各施氮处理RMSE不大于0.308,CK、N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的标准化均方根误差分别为0.242、0.193、0.184、0.226、0.208和0.273,R2分别为0.903、0.953、0.920、0.944、0.962和0.898,具有较高的拟合度,解决了NRLD在Zr=1时达到0的问题。本研究可为宁夏引黄灌区膜下滴灌玉米NRLD分布拟合、根系养分吸收和施肥管理提供理论参考。     

覆膜与水分控制对宁夏设施滴灌番茄产量与品质的影响

【目的】探索宁夏设施滴灌番茄覆膜的效果和适宜的灌溉制度,为宁夏地区设施滴灌番茄节水高产种植提供理论依据。【方法】通过2 a试验,在覆膜(M)与不覆膜(NM)条件下,设定4种水分控制水平,灌水频率为7~10 d,W1、W2和W3处理的灌水上限分别为100%FC(田间持水率)、80%FC和70%FC,以当地灌水量为对照(CK,灌水上限为123%FC),研究了覆膜和水分控制对设施滴灌番茄生长、产量、品质与水分生产效率的影响。【结果】番茄株高和茎粗在苗期―开花坐果期生长迅速,受覆膜处理影响显著(P<0.01),受水分控制影响不显著(P>0.05)。随着灌水量的增加,番茄产量先增加后降低,W2M处理的产量和水分生产效率均为最大值,分别为89844.88 kg/hm2和502.5 kg/(hm²·mm),相比覆膜CK分别增加21.4%和63.7%。相比于不覆膜处理,覆膜番茄产量平均增加18.1%,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),其还原性维生素C和可溶性固形物量分别提高28.9%和22.8%(P<0.05)。覆膜和水分控制均对番茄还原性维生素C量、可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖量的影响达到显著水平(P<0.01),覆膜处理还对可滴定酸量和糖酸比的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05)。【结论】对于宁夏设施滴灌番茄,采用覆膜栽培与80%FC的灌水上限可以获得较高产量和较好品质。     

几种新型农膜的小气候效应研究

研究了3种不同薄膜覆盖大棚内小气候因子的变化.研究结果表明,在不同测定日期中,覆盖不同塑料薄膜大棚的棚内外日平均气温和日平均地温变化相似,转光膜1的保温性能优于转光膜2和无滴膜;转光膜1的透光率高于转光膜2和无滴膜,无滴膜的透光率则略高于转光膜2.不论晴天还是阴天,转光膜,均表现出较好的保温与采光性能,而且使用这3种农膜后.大棚内温度和光强变化规律相似.     

秸秆粉碎还田回收机性能试验

在棉田对秸秆粉碎还田回收机进行机具性能试验,选定留茬高度、秸秆粉碎长度和抛送距离作为主要的性能指标,通过一系列正交试验和理论分析,用直观分析法和方差分析法揭示了影响秸秆粉碎还田机性能的主要因素.与实际生产相结合,确定了最优的参数组合,即秸秆粉碎还田回收机在刀辊的转速为1800 r/min,粉碎机具前进速度为5.4 km/h,甩刀刀刃离地最小间隙为8cm.实验结果表明,机具有较优的性能指标,为整机的设计研究提供了理论依据.     

PVDF型籽粒损失传感器研究探讨

通过研究总结国内外籽粒损失传感器普遍存在适应性差、价格高等问题,在国内首次提出PVDF型籽粒损失传感器的设计方案.通过研究PVDF材料的特性与应用现状,讨论了PVDF在籽粒损失传感器上应用的可行性及优势,并结合已有研究成果和相关PVDF压电薄膜传感器实验室制作工艺的文献资料,初步确定在实验室中利用PVDF 压电薄膜制作籽粒损失传感器的主要过程,为进一步设计、制作经济、实用的籽粒损失传感器提供理论依据和实践基础.     

覆膜穴播施肥联合作业机械的研制

设计了一种适合膜上播种的双环带分种分肥穴播器,并采用该播种器研制了覆膜穴播施肥联合作业机械;同时发明了切膜机构、整平机构和覆土机构.通过大量的实验表明,覆膜穴播施肥联合作业机组工作稳定可靠,性能优良,是一款与新农艺相适应的机械化联合作业的机型.     

杏鲍菇冷链综合保鲜技术应用

介绍了我国杏鲍菇工厂化栽培现状、销售方式及存在的问题,综述了真空预冷、防雾薄膜、纳米保鲜薄膜、减压贮藏等技术在杏鲍菇保鲜上的应用,构建了杏鲍菇综合协同保鲜成套技术,以期为杏鲍菇贮藏保鲜提供一定的技术支持。     

浅圆仓膜下氮气气调膜上控温储粮试验

通过改造浅圆仓测温电缆,实现了浅圆仓膜下充氮气调和膜上中央空调控温,提高了卸粮口、大门口、通风口等死角的害虫致死率。将浅圆仓氮气气调杀虫与控温储粮相结合,实现了储粮安全度夏。