塔里木灌区膜下滴灌棉田土壤水分动态与耗水特性

土壤水分条件是棉花生长和发育的重要因素。为了研究塔里木灌区膜下滴灌棉田土壤水分特征,于2014年4月18日至10月31日采用中子仪对膜下滴灌棉田0~120cm土壤水分进行观测,分析了不同生育期土壤含水率的时空变化,采用水量平衡原理计算了膜下滴灌棉田耗水量。结果表明:4月中旬到7月中旬为土壤水分稳定期,7月中旬到8月底为土壤水分剧烈变化期,8月底到10月底为缓慢消耗期;0~20cm为土壤水分活跃层,20~60cm为土壤水分次活跃层,60~120cm为土壤水分稳定层;灌溉入渗水主要分布在0~40cm;膜下滴灌棉田苗期、蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期的耗水强度分别为0.63、2.62、7.01、0.71mm/d。     

不同类型薄膜覆盖对冀东地区玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探索不同颜色地膜覆盖对冀东地区玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2014―2015年采用白色地膜、黑色地膜和裸地玉米栽培试验,分析了不同颜色地膜覆盖对玉米株高、叶面积指数、生物量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与裸地相比,覆膜处理能显著提高玉米株高(P0.01);覆膜处理的玉米叶面积指数显著大于裸地处理(P0.01),在玉米成熟期黑膜处理的叶面积指数最大;覆膜处理玉米干物质积累量在整个生育期均显著高于裸地(P0.01),玉米灌浆中后期至成熟期,黑膜覆盖的干物质积累量最大;黑膜处理的玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于白膜和裸地处理(P0.01)。在冀东地区,用黑色地膜替代白色地膜,能够促进玉米增产和水分高效利用。     

残膜对土壤水分入渗的影响及入渗模型适用性分析

为研究不同残膜量对土壤水分入渗的影响,通过室内土箱模拟试验,研究了滴灌条件下6个残膜添加量(0、80、160、320、640和1 280 kg/hm2)处理分别对土壤入渗率、湿润锋运移距离及水分分布的影响,比较了Kostiakov模型、Philip模型和Green-Ampt模型对含残膜土壤水分入渗过程的适用性。结果表明,残膜延长了土壤水分入渗时间,入渗至45 cm土层深度时入渗历时随残膜量增加而增大;入渗一定时间,含残膜的入渗曲线与无残膜曲线分离,分离时间随残膜量增加而提前,分离时间与残膜量之间呈对数函数减小;Kostiakov模型更适合模拟含残膜土壤的入渗过程;湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间呈幂函数增长关系,但湿润锋运移距离随残膜量增加而递减;随残膜量增加,作物适宜生长区和水分分布重心逐渐上移。残膜对土壤水分入渗有较大不利影响,其影响程度随残膜量增加而增大。     

覆膜与水分控制对宁夏设施滴灌番茄产量与品质的影响

【目的】探索宁夏设施滴灌番茄覆膜的效果和适宜的灌溉制度,为宁夏地区设施滴灌番茄节水高产种植提供理论依据。【方法】通过2 a试验,在覆膜(M)与不覆膜(NM)条件下,设定4种水分控制水平,灌水频率为7~10 d,W1、W2和W3处理的灌水上限分别为100%FC(田间持水率)、80%FC和70%FC,以当地灌水量为对照(CK,灌水上限为123%FC),研究了覆膜和水分控制对设施滴灌番茄生长、产量、品质与水分生产效率的影响。【结果】番茄株高和茎粗在苗期―开花坐果期生长迅速,受覆膜处理影响显著(P<0.01),受水分控制影响不显著(P>0.05)。随着灌水量的增加,番茄产量先增加后降低,W2M处理的产量和水分生产效率均为最大值,分别为89844.88 kg/hm2和502.5 kg/(hm²·mm),相比覆膜CK分别增加21.4%和63.7%。相比于不覆膜处理,覆膜番茄产量平均增加18.1%,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),其还原性维生素C和可溶性固形物量分别提高28.9%和22.8%(P<0.05)。覆膜和水分控制均对番茄还原性维生素C量、可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖量的影响达到显著水平(P<0.01),覆膜处理还对可滴定酸量和糖酸比的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05)。【结论】对于宁夏设施滴灌番茄,采用覆膜栽培与80%FC的灌水上限可以获得较高产量和较好品质。     

Yield and quality components of silage maize in killed and live cover crop sods

In sloping areas with high precipitation, planting maize into live winter cover crop sods may help to alleviate the environmental problems associated with clean-tillage production systems of maize. The present study evaluates the performance of silage maize (Zea mays L.) under several cultivation methods: CC (conventional cropping system, i.e., maize was sown into the bare, autumn-ploughed soil); LGS/CK (maize was planted into a living Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sod which was subsequently herbicidally killed); and LGS/MR (similar to LGS/CK, but the ryegrass was mechanically regulated). The research was conducted in the midlands of Switzerland on a fertile sandy loam under humid conditions during three cropping seasons. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹ (fertilizer nitrogen plus mineral nitrogen of the soil at maize planting), the CC system was much more productive than were the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems in terms of dry matter and nitrogen yields of maize. Increasing the nitrogen supply to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ considerably reduced the yield advantage of CC over the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems, indicating that nitrogen was the most limiting factor for maize yield in the mulch seeding systems. With 250 kg N ha⁻¹, the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems produced greater total yields of digestible organic matter (maize plus ryegrass) than did the CC system, whereas the total nitrogen yield was similar for all cropping systems. The whole-shoot concentrations of nitrogen were highest under CC, irrespective of the level of nitrogen supply. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹, concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium were clearly higher for the mulch seeding systems. There were only minor differences among the cropping methods in the concentrations of potassium and calcium in the whole shoot. When 250 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied, there were no significant variations among the cropping systems in the concentrations of minerals. Changes in the botanical composition of the cover crop sod and in the time and method of cover crop control may help to reduce the competition for nitrogen between maize and the living mulch.     

风沙半干旱区花生不同覆膜时期对土壤微生物量碳与产量的影响

在风沙半干旱区间作（大扁杏｜｜花生｜｜大扁杏）条件下,以花生品种“阜花12号”为材料,研究了不同覆膜时期对土壤微生物量碳与花生产量的影响。结果表明：不同覆膜时期花生土壤微生物量碳含量顺序为：处理Ⅱ〉处理Ⅰ〉处理Ⅲ〉处理Ⅳ（CK）。不同覆膜时期对花生产量、WUE的影响达到显著水平,产量与WUE的高低顺序均为：处理Ⅱ〉处理...     

Use of UV reflective mulch to delay the colonization and reduce the severity of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infestations in cucurbits

Effectiveness of UV reflective plastic mulch for the management of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) was evaluated in selected cucurbits. The reflective mulch repelled silverleaf whitefly adults in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Reduced colonization by B. argentifolii adults resulted in reduced populations of nymphs and a delay and reduction in the incidence of silverleaf in pumpkin and zucchini squash. Reflective mulch was as effective in reducing nymphal B. argentifolii populations as was a pre-plant soil application of imidacloprid. Zucchini squash, pumpkin and cucumber yields were significantly higher in plants grown over reflective mulch than in those grown over unmulched soil. Zucchini squash yields from plants grown over reflective mulch also were higher than from plants grown in plots receiving a pre-plant application of imidacloprid. This study confirmed that UV reflective plastic mulch can be used to manage B. argentifolii and the mulches give protection equal to that provided by imidacloprid.     

改性淀粉/聚乙烯醇复合膜的制备与性能研究

[目的]探索改性淀粉/聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合膜的制备与性能。[方法]以玉米淀粉为原料,通过机械力与柠檬酸、甘油的双改性制备成双改性热塑性玉米淀粉,利用双改性热塑性玉米淀粉与PVA复合成膜,制备成可生物降解的塑料薄膜,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热(DSC)对复合膜的结晶性和热稳定性进行研究。[结果]与原淀粉/PVA复合膜以及单改性淀粉/PVA复合膜相比,双改性淀粉/PVA复合膜的结晶度有所降低,其相容性、力学性能、耐水性和热稳定性均有明显提高。室外土壤掩埋30 d后取代度为0.26的双改性热塑性淀粉/PVA复合膜的降解率约为43%,属于环境友好型材料,可用作可生物降解塑料膜。[结论]该材料的制备具有制造工艺简单、能耗低等优点。     

洛阳地区冬小麦保护性耕作节水效应研究

通过多年试验及数据监测,在防雨棚下的测坑中设置不同的水分处理,研究无覆盖与秸秆覆盖对冬小麦耗水特征、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,试验区冬小麦生育期间,覆盖与不覆盖处理间总耗水量差异明显,但不显著;秸秆覆盖对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率也存在明显的影响。     

河西灌区全膜双垄沟播玉米的节灌增产效应

对在半干旱雨养区大面积推广的全膜双垄沟播技术作为低成本节灌措施在河西灌区的玉米栽培中进行试验研究.结果表明:在民勤试验点上,全膜双垄沟播处理的增产效果明显,且灌水量减少.其中,生育期灌水量为对照1/2的处理,其灌水量减少2190m3·hm-2,而玉米籽粒产量增加902kg·hm-2.在民乐辅助试验点上,玉米生育期不灌水,尚能获得10000kg·hm-2以上的籽粒产量;且与灌2次水比较,每公顷节水量可达4500m3.说明全膜双垄沟播技术可作为内陆河流域灌区农田的低成本节水措施,可在进一步试验研究的基础上予以示范和推广.