透湿性反光膜和秸秆覆盖对越橘果实品质形成的影响

以南高丛越橘品种奥尼尔(O'Neal)和兔眼越橘品种杰兔(Premier)为试材,研究透湿性反光膜、秸秆覆盖处理对越橘果实生长发育期间品质变化的影响.结果表明,越橘园覆盖反光膜和秸秆处理,其单果重大于对照,可溶性固形物、还原糖含量也高于对照.反光膜覆盖处理的果实可滴定酸、有机酸含量显著降低,秸秆覆盖处理的果实可滴定酸、有机酸含量亦略有降低.对于果实花色苷含量,反光膜覆盖处理最高,秸秆覆盖处理居其次,而对照最低.     

新疆阿克苏地区棉花膜下滴灌技术探讨

探讨了新疆阿克苏地区棉花膜下滴灌技术,分别从田间布置、播种技术,滴水技术,施肥技术四方面提出技术指导。     

Better tillage selection before ridge—furrow film mulch can facilitate root proliferation,and increase nitrogen accumulation,translocation and grain yield of maize in a semiarid area

Plastic film mulch systems are used widely in arid areas, and the associated tillage measures affect soil properties, root and crop growth, and nutrient uptake. However, much debate surrounds the most suitable tillage method for plastic film mulch systems. We conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the impact of three tillage treatments - rotary tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MR), no-tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MZ), and plow tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (MP) - on soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, root stratification structure, nitrogen transfer and utilization, and maize yield. The results showed that MP had better soil quality than either MR or MZ over 2019 and 2020, with higher nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen in the 0–40 cm soil layer. MP improved the soil physicochemical properties more than the other treatments, producing significantly higher root numbers and root biomass for the aerial and underground nodal roots than MR and MZ. At harvest, MP had the highest root biomass density, root length density, and root surface area density in the different soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 0–40 cm). Significant correlations occurred between root biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation during maize growth. During grain filling, MP had the greatest nitrogen transfer amount, significantly increasing root and aboveground nitrogen transfer by 19.63–45.82% and 11.15–24.56%, respectively, relative to the other treatments. MP significantly produced 1.36–26.73% higher grain yields and a higher grain crude protein content at harvest than MR and MZ. MP also had higher values for the nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer than MR and MZ. In conclusion, plow tillage combined with a ridge–furrow plastic film mulch system facilitated maize root development and improved nitrogen utilization, thereby increasing maize yield more than the other treatments.     

调控膜对土壤水分和温度调控效应的初步研究

调控膜是微孔地膜研究基础上发展起来的,具有透水保水和调温等功能。对调控膜覆盖下的土壤水分、温度与普通地膜覆盖及裸地对比观察结果表明,调控膜覆盖对中等以下强度的降水可使90％以上渗入膜下土中,雨后17d从调控膜中散发出的水分仅占渗入水分的17．6％;温度变化,5~20cm土层中午14：00时调控膜覆盖的比普通膜低0．5~0．6℃,早8：00时和晚20：00时温度差异仅在0．2~0．3℃之间。     

玉米全膜双垄覆盖“一膜两季”模式效应研究

在固原市原州区开城镇深沟村旱作示范基地进行了玉米全膜双垄覆盖“一膜两季”免耕栽培模式试验研究。试验结果表明：该项技术与常规半膜覆盖相比前期0～20cm土壤含水量增加4．2％,平均单产达到9457．2kg／hm^2,增产29．3％,节本17．8％,纯收益增加71．2％;比玉米全膜双垄覆盖沟播栽培前期0—20cm的土壤含水量增加1.1％,增产0．9％,节本26．7％,纯效益增加12．7％,经济效益显著。     

秸秆隔层对盐碱土水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响

在内蒙古河套灌区通过微区试验,研究了秸秆深埋(S)、上盖秸秆下埋秸秆(简称上秸下秸,S+S)、上盖地膜下埋秸秆(简称上膜下秸,P+S)和地膜覆盖(对照,CK)4种耕作措施对0-40 cm土层水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)不同措施对土壤水盐调控的效果与作用时期差异较大。P+S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度较低,控盐效果显著;S+S仅在苗期能保墒控盐,但控盐效果比P+S差,后期出现水减盐增现象,保墒控盐效果也不佳;S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度最高,控盐效果最差;CK在整个生育期内土壤水分含量变化不大,而盐分含量较高,控盐效果也不明显。(2)不同措施对土壤水盐运移调控程度的差异,导致食葵光合特性也有明显变化。与CK、S、S+S相比,P+S由于其较低的盐溶质浓度环境,明显改善了其光合特性,在苗期、蕾期和花期能提高净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr),增加气孔导度(Gs),降低胞间CO₂浓度(Ci),从而使其作物长势和干物质积累明显高于其它措施。综合试验结果,P+S是内蒙古河套灌区盐碱地改良中优选的控抑盐耕作措施。     

电影译名的“形似”与“神似”

常见的电影译名方法有直译法、意译法和重命名,也有直译法和意译法兼用的。不管采用何种翻译方法,都要忠实于原片内容——主题思想,注意言简意赅,力求"形似"与"神似",做到"信、达、雅"。     

麦后直播短季棉地膜覆盖效应试验

[目的]探索短季棉麦后直播的地膜覆盖栽培技术。[方法]以中棉所50为试材,通过覆膜与不覆膜对照2个处理,研究了不同处理对土壤水分、地温、叶面积及产量的影响。[结果]地膜覆盖后,土温显著增。地膜覆盖45 d,5、101、5 cm各土层增加积温分别为123.74、105.75和87.5℃;土壤水分含量也有提高。与对照相比,地膜覆盖后麦后直播的短季棉苗期、蕾期的叶面积增长速度快,现蕾期早4 d,开花期早6 d,吐絮期早8~10 d,株高高3.1 cm,单株叶片多2.2个,果枝增加1.3个,蕾增加2.7个,霜前花率提高11.15%,比对照增产33.2%。[结论]短季棉麦后直播地膜覆盖可以明显增加单株铃数、单铃量、霜前花,显著提高皮棉产量。     

1JH-3.0型宽幅秸秆粉碎还田机的研制

针对现有的秸秆粉碎还田机工作幅宽小及作业质量不高的问题,研究开发了一种宽幅秸秆粉碎还田机,对影响秸秆切碎长度和留茬高度的各因素进行了正交试验。结果表明:机具前进速度对秸秆切碎长度影响极显著,甩刀轴转速和离地间隙对秸秆切碎长度影响显著;机具前进速度、甩刀轴转速和离地间隙对留茬高度影响都极显著,其中甩刀轴转速对留茬高度影响最大。鉴定试验结果表明:机具的作业速度为6.9 km/h,棉秆粉碎长度126.8 mm,残茬高度76.3 mm,主要技术指标达到了标准要求。     

长期地膜覆盖与施肥条件下土壤中磷素的变化

采用对比法对沈阳农业大学长期(1987～2005)地膜覆盖定位试验地棕壤中磷素的变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,经过19年的长期耕作,施有机肥或磷肥均能显著增加土壤中全磷、有机磷和速效磷的含量,但都不如有机无机肥配施;覆膜后除N4P2处理外,其余处理土壤全磷含量均大于裸地,覆膜后有机磷含量与裸地相比变化不大。地膜覆盖明显减少了速效磷的含量,增加了磷的移出量。同时表明增施有机肥是恢复和提高覆膜后土壤磷素肥力的较好措施。