Profile Characteristics and Potential Environmental Effect of Accumulated Phosphorus in Soils ofVegetable Fields in Beijing

Profile characteristics of accumulated P in 10 representative soils of vegetable fields in suburban districts of Beijing were investigated. Bioavailability of the accumulated P and its potential effect on the environment were studied in a greenhouse pot experiment and a soil column experiment. The results showed that the concentration of Olsen-P in the 0～20 cm soil samples of the vegetable fields ranged from 22.1 to 358.0 mg kg-1, which was 2 to 10 times higher than that of the crop fields in the suburbs of Beijing. Most of the excessive phosphorus was accumulated in the topsoils. The longer the soils cultivated with vegetables, the higher the soil total P, Olsen-P and organic matter concentration. Accumulated P in the soils from vegetable fields had higher bioavailability. Application of phosphorus fertilizer could not increase the dry weights of cucumbers, Chinese cabbage, and rape seedlings continuously planted. The soil column study showed high P concentration (＞ 0.6 mg L-1) in the leachates from the columns of the vegetable field soils with high accumulated P, which has a potential effect on the groundwater and natural water quality.     

Soil management problems in multiply cropped paddy fields in China

Summary Multiple cropping of paddy fields has now been widely adopted in East China, in order to increase annual grain yields. The management practices recommended for these multiple cropped fields include the use of mineral fertilizers in combination with organic manure, to sustain a better soil nutrient balance, the adoption of rice-straw manuring, and use of zero or minimum tillage. This paper presents the results of a series of longterm experiments in multiple cropping and discusses the problems associated with these techniques.     

奇特征有限域上对称矩阵结合方案的注记

设IFq是q个元素的有限域,q是1个奇素数的幂.取定IFq的1个非平方元z.令S(n,q)表示IFq上n×n对称矩阵的集合.合同于对角矩阵[I(r-1),]ξ(ξ=1或z)所成的矩阵类记作C(i,ξ).对于X,Y∈S(n,q),若X=Y,就说(X,Y)有关系R0;若X-Y∈C(r,ξ),就说(X,Y)∈R(r,ξ).[7]和[8]利用这种关系给出了S(n,q)上的2n个结合类R(i,ξ)(i=0,1,…n,ξ=1,2)的结合方案.给出这种结合方案的参数的两个计数定理和结合方案的对称化.     

有机稻田与常规稻田浮游动物群落比较

采用田间调查、室内鉴定及生态学分析方法研究了有机稻田和常规稻田浮游动物的组成、丰富度及多样性。结果在有机稻田检测到溞属(Daphnia)、裸腹溞属(Moina)、剑水蚤属(Cyclops)和小剑水蚤属(Microcyclops)浮游动物,而在常规稻田仅检测到3属浮游动物;浮游动物的丰度与多样性指数均表现为有机稻田>田头水沟>常规稻田。表明有机栽培可显著增加稻田生态系统浮游动物的多样性。     

种杀菌剂对胶东地区保护地黄瓜霜霉病防治药效试验

以烟台地黄瓜为材料,研究了百泰、凯润、安克、克露、乙膦铝和代森锰锌等药剂在发病前和发病后施药对保护地黄瓜霜霉病的预防及防治效果,以及对黄瓜产量的影响。试验结果表明,发病前喷施百泰、凯润效果最好,防效在97%以上;安克、克露、代森锰锌防效次之,防效也高达88%以上;乙膦铝防效较差,为81.00%。发病后喷施凯润防效在93.83%以上,百泰、安克和代森锰锌防效都在80%以上。发病后喷施百泰、凯润和安克比CK(清水)分别增产18.46%、24.36%和22.22%,增产效果明显。因此推荐凯润为防治保护地黄瓜霜霉病的理想药剂,百泰、安克和代森锰锌可以作为保护性杀菌剂使用。     

Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil

Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non-diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind-induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO₂ concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO₂ profiles (R² = 0.53; p-value <2e-16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO₂ concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO₂ concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head-space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.     

洱海流域典型农区不同施肥处理下稻田氨挥发变化特征

为探寻洱海流域合理的施肥方式,减少氮肥的氨挥发损失,采用"密闭室间歇通气法",研究了不同氮肥类型及施氮量对稻田氨挥发规律、氨挥发累积量及水稻产量的影响,并探究了影响氨挥发排放的因素。研究结果表明:稻田氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～5 d内,穗肥期氨挥发损失占比最大为19.04%～33.00%,其次分蘖肥期损失为7.18%～15.72%,基肥期损失最少为4.89%～7.76%。不同施肥处理中常规施肥(CF)、化肥减量20%(T1)、单施有机肥(T2)、有机肥与化肥配施(T3)、考虑当季25%矿化率单施有机肥(T4)、考虑当季25%矿化率有机肥与化肥配施(T5)和单施控释肥(T6)的氨挥发累积量分别为42.52、22.73、11.71、15.12、38.24、25.95 kg·hm~(-2)和18.44 kg·hm~(-2)。等量施氮条件下不同肥料类型氨挥发损失占比大小为尿素控释肥有机肥+化肥有机肥。不同施氮量条件下,施氮量越大氨挥发累积量越大,且氨挥发速率与田面水NH4+-N浓度呈正相关性。综合稻田氨挥发累积量及水稻产量,在洱海流域典型农区水稻种植中,有机肥与化肥配施(25%当季矿化率)、化肥减量施用(20%)以及控释肥施用是3种较优的环境友好型施肥方式。     

Causes of maize density loss in farmers' fields in Northeast China

Increasing plant density is an effective and important way to reduce maize yield gaps in Northeast China. However, the fact is that a significant plant density gap exists between optimum plant density and actual plant density in farmers' fields.To quantify the density gap between planned planting density and final harvest plant density(HPD), we studied 60 farmers' fields on three types of soil for three crop seasons from 2015 to 2017 by measuring their plant-plant distance, actual seedlings density(ASD), final HPD and yield. We also explored the potential causes of density loss by digging the places where the seedlings were missing for two consecutive years in 2016–2017. Results show that the three-year average HPD in farmers' fields was 59 699 plants ha~(–1), which was significantly lower than the planned density, including both the machine setting density(MSD; 67 962 plants ha~(–1)) and theoretical plant density(TPD; 67 467 plants ha~(–1)). No significant difference was found in HPD between years and soil types. However, for MSD and TPD, the average value in 2015 was significantly higher than that in 2016 and 2017. No significant difference between soil types was observed. Furthermore,the results from 2016 till 2017 indicated that a lack of seeds in the soil, a failure to germinate due to low-quality seeds,and a lack of seedlings breaking out of the soil due to environmental problems explained approximately 60.88, 10.33 and 28.80% of density loss, respectively. According to our survey, 63% of farmers did not know their own TPD and HPD, and 54% of farmers did not know the density loss. Therefore, we argue that farmers' limited knowledge of density and density loss is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in maize production. These observations will be useful for determining best management practices for maize production and for providing helpful suggestions for machine improvement.     

高压脉冲电场对调理牛肉杀菌效果的研究

为了探究高压脉冲电场(PEF)对调理牛肉的杀菌效果,以调理牛肉为研究对象,微生物致死率为主要指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化了PEF处理调理牛肉的参数,并对比分析了PEF处理前后调理牛肉的感官品质、色度、蒸煮损失率及剪切力。结果表明,调理牛肉的PEF处理最佳参数为:脉冲频率30.5 kHz、占空比2.3%、处理时间7 min、电场强度45 kV·cm^-1,此条件下PEF对调理牛肉中微生物致死率达到了87.33%(R²=0.986,Radj2=0.972),调理牛肉的货架期延长了2 d,且其感官品质无显著降低。本研究结果为PEF在调理肉制品的杀菌保藏中的应用提供了参考。     

粉煤灰条形柱在水土保持坡改梯工程中的推广应用

通过对粉煤灰条形柱的特点分析,探讨粉煤灰条形柱在坡改梯工程中的应用.认为粉煤灰条形柱的应用缓解了大竹县条石紧缺矛盾,减少了对环境的污染,提高坡改梯埂坎的安砌质量和科技含量,减少劳动强度,降低工程造价,减少水土流失,美化周边环境,应扩大粉煤灰条形柱的应用范围.