宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田(n=4)和水旱轮作大田(n=4),通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮(TSN)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和溶解性有机氮(SON)含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON>NO₃^--N>NH₄⁺-N,大田为NO₃^--N>SON>NH₄⁺-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO₃^--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

全射流喷灌喷头射流元件的流场分析

全射流喷灌喷头射流元件对喷头工作性能有重要影响,其内部液气两相流动影响着射流元件的尺寸设计。采用流体体积函数两相流数学模型,对射流元件稳定附壁情况下二维及三维流场进行数值模拟,获得射流元件壁面压力分布规律、射流中线速度衰减规律、无因次附壁点距离和液气两相界面坐标位置。壁面静压试验数据与计算值对比具有一致性。在相同入口速度下,随着偏移率的增大,射流元件壁面压力极大值减小,附壁点下移。归纳出小偏移率情况下无因次附壁点距离与偏移率的经验关系式。该研究为射流元件的尺寸设计提供依据。     

应用均匀设计研究电场刺激及培养因素对甘蓝叶原生质体分裂频率的影响

应用均匀设计法探讨了电场刺激及培养因素对甘蓝叶原生质体分裂频率的影响。结果表明 ,电场方向和强度强烈地影响细胞分裂频率。培养成分对细胞分裂频率均有不同程度的影响。均匀设计能筛选最优的植物原生质体培养条件或培养基。结合“回归 -通径”分析 ,有效地综合评判和研究了各培养成分对原生质体分裂频率的作用     

京郊露地菜田施肥状况与土壤有效养分年际变化调研

以北京市1996~2014年郊区露地菜田1184份调研报告和161个土壤样本数据为基础,分析了京郊露地菜田施肥种类、施肥量、养分平衡、土壤有效养分的年际变化。结果表明:与20世纪90年代相比,现阶段露地菜田施用的有机肥由以厩肥、鸭粪和牛粪为主转为以鸡粪为主,化肥投入品种单一,偏施大量元素肥,缺少中微量元素补充;与20世纪90年代相比,尽管现阶段年施肥量明显减少,年养分盈余程度明显减轻,但养分投入量仍与作物吸收规律不符,N、P、K三大元素投入比例不合理,氮磷养分盈余的现象仍存在。经评价现阶段露地菜田土壤碱解氮缺乏,速效磷含量过高,有效钾适宜。     

皖西大别山区生态茶园建设与小流域治理关系探讨

生态茶园建设是皖西大别山茶区小流域综合治理的重要内容 ,小流域综合治理为生态茶园建设提供必要的发展条件。在政府牵头、多部门配合基础上 ,以生态茶园建设为突破口 ,结合水土保持工程、植物和园艺等综合措施 ,可推动小流域综合治理全面健康发展     

宁夏半干旱地区梯田土壤水分动态变化规律研究

水平梯田是控制坡耕地水土流失和实现旱作区农业高产与稳产的根本措施之一，我国梯田建设已有几千年的历史，在分析和总结现有资料的基础上，对彭阳县水平梯田土壤水分的时空变化规律进行定点观测，分析，阐述梯田土壤水分季节变化的4个时期和垂直变化的3个层次变化规律。提出了不同时期梯田的水分情况为作物栽培提供依据。     

中国亚热带稻田土壤碳氮含量及矿化动态

Dynamics of soil organic matter in a cultivation chronosequence of paddy fields were studied in subtropical China. Mineralization of soil organic matter was determined by measuring CO2 evolution from soil during 20 days of laboratory incubation. In the first 30 years of cultivation, soil organic C and N contents increased rapidly. After 30 years, 0-10 cm soil contained 19.6 g kg^-1 organic C and 1.62 g kg^-1 total N, with the corresponding values of 18.1 g kg^-1 and 1.50 g kg^-1 for 10-20 cm, and then remained stable even after 80 years of rice cultivation. During 20 days incubation the mineralization rates of organic C and N in surface soil （0-10 cm） ranged from 2.2% to 3.3% and from 2.8% to 6.7%, respectively, of organic C and total N contents. Biologically active C size generally increased with increasing soil organic C and N contents. Soil dissolved organic C decreased after cultivation of wasteland to 10 years paddy field and then increased. Soil microbial biomass C increased with number of years under cultivation, while soil microbial biomass N increased during the first 30 years of cultivation and then stabilized. After 30 years of cultivation surface soil （0-10 cm） contained 332.8 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass C and 23.85 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass N, which were 111% and 47% higher than those in soil cultivated for 3 years. It was suggested that surface soil with 30 years of rice cultivation in subtropical China would have attained a steady state of organic C content, being about 19 g kg^-1.     

坡耕地蓄水保土耕作技术措施的探讨

根据黄土丘陵区自然环境、社会经济条件,因地制宜地采取与其相适应的水土保持耕作技术措施,以利于蓄水、保土、培肥地力,提高单产,退耕陡坡,还林还草,促使农业生态系统逐渐向良性循环转变。为此,在大面积推广水平沟种植的基础上,进行了覆盖、留茬倒垄、沟内加土挡,坡地草田带状间作轮种、粮草灌宽带间作、川平地覆膜间作套种、深耕密植等水保耕作技术措施的试验研究,并对各种技术措施的蓄水、挡泥、培肥地力、增产增收效益作了评价。     

庄浪县梯田化建设对生态-经济-社会协调发展的作用分析

应用对比、相关分析和效益分析，研究了坡耕地与梯田在保土、保水、保肥的差异，并对庄浪县梯田化建设对当地带来的生态、经济和社会效益进行量化计算，得出，梯田能促进水肥互相协调效应，供作物生长发育利用，增加粮食产出，达到高效用水、稳产高产的目的。结果表明随着庄浪县生态环境的改善和土地利用率的增加，当地生态、经济、社会效益取得显著提高，为庄浪农业产业化发展实施可持续农业发展战略奠定了基础，为实现全县生态、经济、社会的协调发展提供保障。     

Measurement of coupled nitrification-denitrification in paddy fields affected by Terrazole,a nitrification inhibitor

Coupled nitrification-denitrification and potential denitrification were measured as ¹⁵N₂O and ¹⁵N₂ evolution rates in ammonium sulphate-treated rice soils with or without Terrazole [5-ethoxy-3 (trichloromethyl) 1,2,3 Thiadizole] under laboratory and field conditions. The greatest coupled nitrification-denitrification activity was found after drying and rewetting the soil, with maximum values of 322 ng N cm^–2 h^–1 in the laboratory and 90.8 ng N cm^–2 h^–1 in the field. These ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution rates were about 10 times lower than potential denitrification in these soils. These results and the observed decrease in ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution rate in soils treated with Terrazole (60% under laboratory conditions and 52% under field conditions) indicate that denitrification was limited by coupled nitrification-denitrification activity. Oxygen and previous addition of ammonium sulphate appear to control the rate of ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution in ammonium sulphate-fertilised soils.