大同盆地轻度盐化土壤玉米锌肥施用方法试验

在大同盆地轻度盐化土壤上采用小区试验方法，试验研究了P玉米施用锌肥对营养生长，产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明：施用锌肥增产达显著和极显著水平。其中锌肥基施效果最好，可提早抽雄4d，早成熟5d，株高增加4cm，穗粒数增加63．2粒，干牲重增加2g，增产12．5％；锌肥拌种和苗期喷施提早抽雄2d，提甲成熟3d，株高增加2cm，穗粒数增加29．1粒和19．2粒，千粒重分别增加0．5g和1．0g，增产7．6％和4．8％；锌肥浸种提早抽雄2d，提早成熟4d，株高增加1．0cm，穗粒数增加11．8粒，千粒重增加1．0g，增产4．4％。     

山东省粮食作物的化肥施用状况分析

在农户抽样调查数据的基础上，分析了山东省粮食作物上施用化肥的状况。通过对山东省不同地区2003年施肥状况调查并结合统计资料分析表明，粮食作物上施肥占化肥总投入的比例逐年在下降，但单位面积化肥投入量却稳步提高。在氮肥的品种构成中，低浓度的碳酸氢铵提供了46．8％的施氮量，仍占有重要地位。山东省粮食作物单位面积化肥平均用量为251．1kg／hm^2，其中小麦平均施肥量最高，达到277．6kg／hm^2；另外就施氮量来说，玉米施氮量最高，平均用量为175．2kg／hm^2；小麦施磷量最高，平均用量为97．6kg／hm^2；薯类施钾量最高，平均用量为55．7kg／hm^2。从施肥的氮磷比例来看，小麦上施用化肥的氮磷比例为1：0．7，高于推荐施肥比例，玉米上施用化肥的氮磷比例为1：0．25，低于推荐施肥比例。     

水肥耦合对华北高产农区小麦-玉米产量和土壤硝态氮淋失风险的影响

在封丘农田生态系统国家试验站, 通过多组水肥组合试验, 研究了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下, 水、肥对作物产量、硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布特征及其淋失风险的影响。结果表明, 适宜灌溉情况下, 氮磷配施是提高作物产量的关键, 氮钾配施与磷钾配施增产效果不明显。统计结果表明, 各因素对小麦产量影响次序依次为氮肥≥磷肥＞灌溉＞钾肥, 对玉米产量的影响次序为氮肥＞磷肥＞钾肥＞灌溉, 只有氮磷对作物产量的影响达到统计学上的显著性差异。随着施氮量和灌溉量的增加, 硝态氮累积峰峰值增加, 峰厚度加厚, 出现位置加深, 且根区外硝态氮含量亦显著增加, 极大地提高了硝态氮的淋失风险。适宜氮肥用量与适宜灌溉是减轻硝态氮淋失风险的关键, 氮磷配施可有效降低深层土壤硝态氮累积。研究区域适宜氮肥用量为每年400 kg(N)·hm^-2,适宜磷肥用量为每年225 kg( P₂O₅)·hm^-2, 一般降雨年型全年灌溉量以280 mm 左右为宜。     

长期施用含硫化肥对稻田土壤养分含量及剖面分布的影响*

在红壤水稻田每年施用等量氮、磷、钾养分条件下,设每年施硫量分别为0、112、604 kg/hm2 3个处理,进行了长期（33年）施硫与不施硫土壤碳、氮、磷、钾、硫等养分含量变化及其在土壤剖面的分布特征和含硫化肥长期施用的生态环境效应的定位试验。结果表明,长期施硫土壤有效硫含量显著升高,并在土壤剖面（0100 cm）上累积; 高硫（HS）、低硫(LS)处理有效硫含量比无硫(NS)处理平均增加85.6%和12.8%; 施硫处理土壤耕层有机质、全氮、全磷含量升高,其中高硫处理土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别比试验开始时增加17.7%、25.6%和250.0%。长期施硫的土壤有机质增加速率显著高于不施硫处理,高硫处理其含量比无硫处理增加了11.5%,说明施用硫肥有利于提高耕层土壤有机质,促进土壤养分累积。在南方红壤硫素养分缺乏的地区,施用硫肥有显著的培肥效应,生产中应重视硫肥的施用。     

不同氮磷水平对南四湖区稻谷产量及肥料吸收利用的影响

为了确定南四湖区农田合理的氮磷肥投入量,减轻氮磷流失风险,对不同氮磷水平下稻田的稻谷产量及肥料吸收利用情况进行研究。结果表明,不施氮磷肥使耕层土壤氮磷含量明显下降,稻谷产量显著降低;减施30%氮磷肥显著提高了氮磷肥利用率,降低了稻谷产量。过量施用氮磷肥处理对稻谷产量无显著效果,且显著提高了耕层土壤硝态氮含量,明显降低了氮磷肥利用率,促进了水稻对氮素的积累,对水稻磷素积累无显著效果。稻谷氮磷累积量明显高于稻草,稻谷和稻草含氮量均随氮磷肥施用量的增加而增大。氮磷肥利用率随氮磷肥施用量的增加而降低。减施15%氮磷肥对土壤氮磷含量和稻谷产量均影响不大,显著提高了氮磷肥利用效率,降低了经济成本,减轻了氮磷素流失风险,是南四湖区稻田较好的氮磷肥施用模式。     

淹水条件下含硫锌肥与蒜皮对镉生物有效性及水稻产量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了淹水条件下施用锌肥(ZnSO4.7H2O)与含巯基废弃物(蒜皮)对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施用锌肥(0.2 g kg-1)后水稻增产25%(P<0.05),在淹水平衡7 d时土壤中有效硫和有效锌含量显著提高,增幅分别为267.9%和684.4%,而土壤中有效态镉含量降幅达61.3%(P<0.05);水稻移栽30 d和60 d时,土壤中有效硫和有效锌含量仍显著高于对照,有效态镉显著低于对照,但随着时间的推移均呈下降趋势,水稻根系和糙米镉含量较对照降低了31.0%(P<0.05)和38.9%(P<0.05)。与对照相比,施用蒜皮(1 g kg-1)的土壤有效硫随时间的推移呈上升趋势,同时有效态镉含量下降,水稻根系和糙米中镉含量降低,但差异均不显著。锌肥与蒜皮配合施用的效果优于两者单施。因此,淹水还原条件下施用适量含硫锌肥可有效降低污染土壤中镉的活性,减少水稻的镉累积,而本试验条件下施用富含巯基的蒜皮效果不明显。     

Fertilizer value of nitrogen in hen and broiler manure after application to spring barley using different application timing

The nitrogen (N) fertilizer effect of layer hen and broiler manure applied at different times on spring barley yield was studied in seven Swedish field experiments during 2005–2008. Two experiments had parallel field incubations to study N release after fertilizer application. The effect of total N in manure on N offtake was 30–40% that of mineral N, except in a dry year, when the effect was very low. Although the relative proportions of ammonium N, uric acid N and other N differed between the hen and broiler manure, the effect of total N was similar for both. In field incubations, mineral N decreased from 75 to 60% of total N applied in hen manure, whereas it increased from 20 to 50% in broiler manure, because of net immobilization and release, respectively. The limited fertilizer nitrogen replacement value, corresponding to only 30–40% of total N, could be as a result of ammonia volatilization after rather shallow incorporation with harrow. Net N release from broiler manure lasted for 6–8 weeks after application, after which it generally ceased. In some cases, manure application in early spring gave better yield effects than application at sowing, probably because of better synchronization of the N release with crop N requirements. The residual N effect on the N offtake in crop in the year after manure application was on average 3% of the total N applied, equivalent to a fertilizer replacement value of about 6%.     

施肥对河北荆芥生长生理及产量和药用品质的影响

为明确药用植物荆芥人工栽培的适宜施肥模式,提高人工栽培荆芥的产量和质量,采用单因素随机区组设计的田间试验,研究了不同施肥处理荆芥的生长、生理、产量和有效成分总黄酮含量的变化。试验设置高、中、低量有机肥(腐熟鸡粪)和与有机肥氮磷钾含量相等的高、中、低量化肥及不施肥对照共7个处理。测定了不同施肥处理不同生育时期荆芥叶片光合色素、可溶性蛋白质和不同部位的总黄酮含量,并在收获期测定了不同处理荆芥的干物质产量。结果表明,在该试验条件下,施用有机肥和化肥的荆芥产量和光合色素含量均显著高于对照,有机肥或化肥的3个水平间差异显著,均为高水平>中水平>低水平,有机肥和化肥两种肥料的同一水平间差异不明显;施用有机肥促进荆芥茎、叶、穗中总黄酮的积累,其含量以低水平>中水平>高水平,施用无机肥降低荆芥茎、叶、穗中的总黄酮含量;有机肥高水平处理整株产量和总黄酮量都高于对照及其他处理,差异达显著水平。根据研究结果认为,氮磷钾无机肥料可显著提高荆芥的产量,但降低其总黄酮含量和药用品质,而有机肥料(腐熟的鸡粪)可显著提高荆芥产量,且荆芥中总黄酮含量也较高。因此建议在进行河北省荆芥的人工栽培时,重施有机肥料,最佳有机肥(腐熟的鸡粪)的施用量为15 750 kg.hm 2。     

Variation in the nutritional quality of rice straw and grain in response to different nitrogen levels

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) applied through urea is essential for rice crops and usually it is the most yield-limiting nutrient in irrigated rice production around the world. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels (0, 90,120, and 150?kg?ha^?1) on the nutritional quality of straw and grain of rice varieties, PR 111, PR 122, and Pusa 44. In rice straw, significant interaction between nitrogen levels and all proximate components was observed. Increase in nitrogen level increased the crude protein by 69.23% (dry matter basis) whereas the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose content decreased by 7.82%, 11.18%, and 14.16%, respectively. In rice grain, crude protein content, starch content, and gel consistency were positively related to increase in nitrogen levels. Therefore, increase in nitrogen fertilization led to improved nutritive quality of both straw and grain for use as feed resource and human consumption, respectively.     

Effect of molybdenum,phosphorus, and lime application to acid soils on dry matter yield and molybdenum nutrition of lentil

Deficiency of molybdenum (Mo) in acid soils causes poor growth of pulses. An experiment was, therefore, conducted in greenhouse to study the effect of Mo, phosphorus (P), and lime application on the dry matter yield and plant Mo concentration of lentil (Lens esculenta L.) in two Mo‐deficient acid alluvial soils. The experiment was conducted using a factorial design with three levels of lime (no lime, half, and full lime requirement), three levels of P (0, 25, and 50 mg kg^‐1), and two levels of Mo (0 and 1.0 mg kg^‐1). Plants were grown for 60 days and at harvest their dry matter yield and Mo concentration were recorded. The three treatments significantly increased dry matter yield, Mo concentration and Mo uptake, the increase being most pronounced with Mo application followed by lime and P. Increases due to applied Mo were greater in presence than in absence of added P; while the reverse was true with the liming treatments. Liming and P application at their lower levels also interacted positively for better Mo nutrition of plants. Results thus indicated that the severity of Mo deficiency in the lentil plants may be reduced by lime and P application in Mo‐deficient acid alluvial soils.