高寒地区退化草地改良试验研究

高寒草地是我国重要的草地资源，素有“高原肉库”之美称，但由于近年来草地利用不合理，家畜载为量过大，草地出现不程度退化，为改善草地植物生存条件，对退化草地进行了改良试验研究，结果表明，３种改良措施可改善草地生境，增加土壤速效养分，施肥改良效果最佳，增加牧草在草群中所占比重，禾本科，豆科和莎草科牧划分别对对照区增加９．０２％～１０．１７％，１８．４０％～２７．７６％和－６．５７％～１．８７％，可食３９     

Agroforestry and soil conservation needs of smallholders in Southern Zambia

An agroforestry and soil conservation needs assessment survey conducted in southern Zambia revealed valuable insight into needs, constraints and development options as perceived by smallholders themselves. Inadequate efforts to conserve soil are due to technical and socio-economic factors, they do not result from a lack of awareness of the widespread erosion threat. Fruit tree planting, windbreak establishment as well as the protection of the natural Faidherbia albida regeneration in cropland are popular agroforestry interventions whose positive effects are widely acknowledged. Forty-two perennial species were found to directly contribute to people's diet. Although local fuelwood and fodder shortages as well as the need for fencing are recognized only few respondents envisage agroforestry solutions such as fuelwood and fodder tree planting or live fencing. Most smallholders are interested in tree planting but have so far only planted few trees. Those planted are usually exotic fruit trees. Drought hardly, termite and browse resistant perennials adapted to smallholder tree planting must be provided by the extension services. The widespread exclusion of women from decision making and the lack of tenure security hampers female participation in agroforestry development and consequently threatens sustainable development altogether.     

Effects of roe deer browsing and site preparation on performance of planted broadleaved and conifer seedlings when using temporary fences

Abstract

The effects of fencing and site preparation on performance of birch (Betula pendula Roth), oak (Quercus robur L.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied over four growing seasons in southern Sweden. The experiment was composed of four browsing treatments, from which roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) were excluded for 0, 12, 24 or 42 months, and four soil treatments. Natural browsing was combined with artificial browsing (clipping). It was demonstrated that browsing by roe deer could be isolated from browsing by moose (Alces alces L.) by selective fencing. Except for birch, browsing had little effect on seedling survival. Browsing reduced height growth by more than 100% for oak and pine, and more than 60% of pine seedling developed multiple stems. Except for oak, site preparation increased seedling survival. Inverting site preparation, in combination with or without fertilization, produced positive growth responses in seedlings, whereas patch scarification did not. There was no interaction between browsing and soil treatments on seedling performance. It was concluded that long-term protection against browsing by roe deer is needed for oak and pine, whereas short-term fences might be used for birch, and that spruce is relatively unaffected by browsing.     

长期围栏封育对中天山草地植物群落特征及多样性的影响

以中科院新疆巴音布鲁克草原生态站25年围封样地为对象,研究亚高山草原、亚高山草原化草甸和亚高山草甸化草原的植物群落特征及物种多样性。结果表明,长期围封对3种草地类型草地植被盖度、平均高度、地上生物量均有不同程度的提高,围栏内生物量与植株高度均表现为亚高山草原化草甸＞亚高山草甸化草原＞亚高山草原;3种草地类型围栏内外生物量和植被盖度差异呈极显著（P<0.01）,且亚高山草原化草甸和亚高山草甸化草原围栏内外植物高度差异极显著（P<0.01）。围封25年后,围栏外的群落丰富度指数和优势度指数均高于围栏内,而均匀度指数围栏内均高于围栏外。     

封育对山地草地植被及土壤特性的影响

对天山北坡中段封育山地草地的植被以及土壤特性进行分析,结果表明：1）与自由放牧区相比,封育后植物恢复显著。山地草地植物群落生物量、高度、盖度均明显提高。2）改善了土壤的物理性质。封育区土壤表层2.5 cm处紧实度增大,515 cm土层紧实度减小;3）提高了土壤养分的含量。封育措施对土壤速效氮和速效钾的影响不显著,但能够显著提高土壤有机质（14.8%）和速效磷（68.3%）含量,草地恢复过程中的限制因子是速效磷。由此可看出,封育措施有利于草地生态环境的恢复,是遏制草地退化的有效措施之一。     

长期围栏封育对天山中部草地土壤有机碳及微生物量碳的影响

以天山中部中科院巴音布鲁克草原生态观测站三种类型草地长期（26 a）围栏封育样地为研究对象,通过野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,研究了长期（26 a）围栏封育对草地土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量的影响,结果表明：（1）围栏外（自然放牧条件下）,表层的土壤有机碳含量为高寒草甸（165.29 g·kg-1）〉高寒草甸草原（98.73 g·kg-1）〉高寒草原（83.54 g·kg-1）,微生物量碳含量依次为高寒草甸草原（181.70 mg·kg-1）〉高寒草甸（146.37 mg·kg-1）〉高寒草原（43.06 mg·kg-1）。围栏封育后,高寒草甸、高寒草甸草原、高寒草原表层土壤有机碳含量分别提高了11.37%、3.26%和2.21%;高寒草甸草原和高寒草甸微生物量碳含量分别增长2.89%和12.04%,而高寒草原降低40.36%。（2）从围栏内外土壤剖面来看,土壤有机碳、微生物量碳含量随着土壤深度的增加依次降低,微生物熵也随土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势。（3）微生物量碳含量与土壤速效钾、全磷含量达到极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,与速效磷含量达到极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾含量呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）与土壤速效氮含量正相关,但不显著。     

长期围栏封育对巴音布鲁克山地草原土壤微生物的影响

选择中科院巴音布鲁克生态站长期围栏封育的草原作为研究对象,对新疆巴音布鲁克三种草地类型--亚高山草原、亚高山草原化草甸、亚高山草甸化草原进行野外实地监测,研究了长期围栏封育对草地土壤微生物的影响,研究结果表明亚高山草原、亚高山草甸化草原、亚高山草原化草甸围栏内外的细菌群落组成占土壤微生物总量的50;以上,放线菌次之,真菌最少;三种草地类型的0～10 cm土层的微生物数量占0～60 cm土层微生物总数的40;～90;,具明显表聚性,在0～60 cm土层中微生物数量随剖面深度加深而递减;在围栏对土壤微生物总数的影响上,亚高山草原、亚高山草甸化草原、围栏内微生物数量明显高于围栏外,且围栏内外差异显著.     

围栏对新疆山区草地植物群落多样性的影响

通过对新疆典型山区草地——高寒草甸、亚高山草甸和山地草原的野外实地监测,在草原围栏内外植物群落生物量、高度、盖度、频度以及生物多样性指数的研究结果比较基础上,讨论了围栏这一人为手段对草原生态系统植物群落的影响：有利于牲畜轮牧食物资源量的增加,但是导致植物群落生物多样性减少.     

伊犁绢蒿荒漠群落特征及植物多样性对短期封育的响应

【目的】研究封育对草地群落特征和植物多样性的影响规律,为该类退化草地恢复治理和科学经营提供理论依据。【方法】以玛纳斯县封育3a的伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地为对象,采用野外调查取样的方法,测定不同生长季(5月、7月和9月)围栏内外的群落数量特征,计算植物多样性指数。【结果】(1)与放牧区相比,伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地短期封育(3a)后群落高度、盖度和生物量分别显著提高52.55%~91.80%,40.28%~108.75%和44.36%~75.32%(P<0.05),但植物多样性指数对封育的响应较小;(2)5月围栏内外的群落盖度、密度、Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均显著高于7月和9月(P<0.05),群落高度均显著低于7月和9月(P<0.05),而围栏内外生物量在月际间差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】短期封育(3a)有利于退化伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地植被的恢复,但对植物多样性影响相对较小。     

短期围封对辽西北退化草地群落牧草品质的影响

围封对退化草地牧草品质的影响是评价围封效果的重要方面。以辽西北退化草地为研究对象,研究3年间（2017-2019年）围封和自由放牧处理下群落特征和牧草品质各项指标的变化。结果表明：围封区群落高度、盖度、地上生物量、枯落物量以及牧草粗蛋白、非纤维性碳水化合物、产奶净能、奶吨指数显著高于放牧区（P<0.05）,具有较高的营养成分以及饲喂价值,而放牧区牧草粗灰分、粗脂肪、木质素、酸性洗涤纤维、体外干物质消化率、中性洗涤纤维消化率、可消化中性洗涤纤维、钙、镁以及磷元素含量极显著高于围封区（P<0.01）,具有较高的消化率和更为丰富的矿质元素,但适口性较差。2019年牧草粗蛋白、非纤维性碳水化合物、钾元素、维持净能以及总可消化养分含量相比围封初年（2017年）均得到显著提高（P<0.05）,且中性洗涤纤维含量最低（P<0.05）。结果表明退化草地经短期围封后群落特征指标和牧草品质均得以提高,这为退化草地短期围封提供理论参考,对草原管理和利用具有重要意义。