Influence of pond fertilization and feeding rate on growth performance, economic returns and water quality in a small-scale cage-cum-pond integrated system for production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

The effects of pond fertilization and feeding rate on growth, economic returns and water quality were investigated to develop a low‐cost cage‐cum‐pond integrated system for production of Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Hand‐sexed male fingerlings averaging 19±0.39 and 32±0.69 g were stocked in cages and open ponds at 150 fish cage^?1 and 2 fish m^?2 respectively. Fish were cultured for 114 days in five triplicate treatments. Cages were installed into ponds and caged fish were fed a 24% protein diet at 3% (T1) and 6% (T2) body weight day^?1 (BWD) without pond fertilization, and 6% BWD with pond fertilization (T3). The open water in the fourth treatment (T4) was not stocked but contained caged fish, which were fed 6% BWD for the first 57 days followed by 3% BWD for the remaining period. Ponds in the control (T5) had no cages and were neither fertilized nor open‐pond fish fed. Feeding rate and pond fertilization significantly (P<0.05) affected fish growth, profitability and water quality among treatments. Fish growth, feed utilization, fish yield, water quality and profits were significantly (P<0.05) better in T3 than the other treatments. It was concluded that fish production and economic returns were optimized at 6% BWD in fertilized ponds.     

瓣结鱼食性的研究

以采自贵州境内清水江、都柳江的318尾瓣结鱼(Tor(Foliter)brevifilis brevifilis)为研究对象,从食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学等方面研究了瓣结鱼食性的特点。结果表明:瓣结鱼的食物由双翅目昆虫幼虫等17类饵料生物组成,并以双翅目昆虫幼虫的出现率最高。瓣结鱼的充塞度按春、夏、秋、冬季逐渐增高,季节性变化明显。充塞指数随体长生长显著减少,而摄食率则随体长生长逐渐增加。充塞指数和摄食率均以V期性腺个体为最低。瓣结鱼为底层杂食性鱼类。     

基于稳定同位素的口虾蛄食性分析

为了探讨口虾蛄的食物组成,利用稳定同位素方法对2015年5月在汕尾红海湾海域采集的口虾蛄及其饵料生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值)进行分析,定量研究不同饵料生物在口虾蛄食物中的贡献比率。结果表明,口虾蛄的δ~(13)C值为–18.1‰~–16.3‰,δ~(15)N值为10.9‰~13.5‰,平均值分别为–17.1‰±0.5‰和12.7‰±0.7‰。δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值的变化范围均较大,表明口虾蛄的食物来源较多。口虾蛄的食物主要由鱼类、虾类、贝类、蟹类和桡足类组成。其中,贝类为口虾蛄的主要食物,平均贡献率为38.6%;其次为蟹类和桡足类,平均贡献率分别为22.9%和16.0%;虾类的平均贡献率为13.6%;鱼类的平均贡献率最低,仅为8.9%。根据δ~(15)N值及营养级的计算公式得出,口虾蛄的营养级为3.01±0.22,在其5类食物中,桡足类的营养级最低,仅为1.77±0.12;其次为贝类;蟹类和虾类的营养级分别为2.78±0.21和2.89±0.16;鱼类的最高,为2.98±0.15;它们的营养级均低于口虾蛄。此外相关分析显示,口虾蛄的δ~(15)N值与其个体体质量间存在极显著的正相关关系,说明不同大小的口虾蛄营养级有所差异。     

温度对施氏鲟幼鱼摄食、生长和肠道消化酶活性的影响

研究不同养殖温度(15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃)对施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼摄食、生长和肠道消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在15～24℃范围内,幼鱼的特定生长率(SGR)和相对增重率(RWG)随温度的升高而显著增加(P<0.05),均在24℃时达到最高值;随着温度升高,其饵料系数(FC)先降低后升高(P<0.05),且在24℃时达到最小值;此外,摄食率(FR)随着温度的升高而显著升高(P<0.05),其不同温度组的生长速度由高到低依次为24℃、21℃、27℃、18℃、15℃组。温度对幼鱼前肠蛋白酶活性影响显著,24℃组和27℃组前肠的蛋白酶活性显著低于15℃组(P<0.05),而温度对中肠和后肠蛋白酶活性则无显著性影响(P>0.05);温度对幼鱼肠道脂肪酶活性无显著性影响(P>0.05),各温度组前肠脂肪酶活性均高于中肠和后肠;温度对幼鱼肠道淀粉酶活性无显著性影响(P>0.05)。综合以上结果认为,施氏鲟幼鱼快速生长的适宜温度范围为21～24℃,在此温度范围内施氏鲟幼鱼可获得最大生长率和存活率。     

东海和黄海南部七星底灯鱼摄食习性的研究

根据2008年5月至2009年2月东海和黄海南部4个航次大面调查所获得的七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum)胃含物样本,对其食物组成、摄食强度、食物多样性程度及营养级进行了研究.结果表明,东海和黄海南部七星底灯鱼属浮游动物食性,桡足类是其最主要的食物类群,其％ IRI值、质量百分比和个数百分比分别为75...     

鱼类早期发育阶段摄食行为研究现状

对鱼类早期阶段的摄食行为研究进行了综述。重点阐述了胃含物分析法、饥饿对摄食的影响、摄食器官的形态发育特征与摄食行为的关系、食物选择及其生理生态因子对摄食的作用。初步探讨了仔稚鱼饥饿后的捕食量和捕食速度的变化,并结合食物保障,分析了食物选择性指数I在鱼类摄食行为研究中的应用。     

稳定同位素技术分析不同养殖方式下鳙饵料的贡献率

应用碳氮稳定同位素技术分析了不同养殖方式(A组:施肥;B组:施肥+1/2投饲;C组:施肥+投饲;D组:投饲)围隔中鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)肌肉碳氮稳定同位素变化情况,及其可能摄食饵料的贡献率。结果表明,A组鳙肌肉的δ13C和δ15N值分别为(–23.8±0.1)‰和(10.8±0.4)‰,显著高于B组、C组和D组的值(P0.05),后三者之间值没有显著差异。围隔中的食物源有浮游动物、颗粒有机物和饲料,它们的δ13C和δ15N值均低于消费者鳙的同位素值。3种食物在不同养殖方式下的贡献率不同,浮游动物是A组鳙的主要食物来源,平均贡献率为(65.6±3.2)%,饲料是另3个组鳙的主要食物来源,其中B组饲料的贡献率相对较大,达82.1%。说明投饲鳙后,鳙对饲料能够较好地吸收利用,但在池塘中同时培育天然饵料能有效提高饲料的贡献率,减少投饲量,降低残饵的污染。本研究旨为实践养殖中合理投饲鳙的管理技术提供理论依据。     

Regulation of growth, fatty acid composition and delta 6 desaturase expression by dietary lipids in gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus aurata)

The Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases and elongases show only very limited activity in marine fish, and little is known of the possibility of enhancing Δ6 desaturase gene expression in these fish. The use of plant oils in marine fish diets is limited by their lack of n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) despite an abundant content of the 18C fatty acid precursor linoleic and α-linolenic acids. The objective of the present study was to determine the ability of larval gilthead seabream to utilize vegetable oils and assess the nutritional regulation of Δ6 desaturase gene expression. Seventeen-day-old gilthead seabream larvae were fed during a 17-day period with one of four different microdiets formulated with either sardine fish oil (FO), soybean, rapeseed or linseed oils, respectively, or a fifth diet containing defatted squid meal and linseed oil. Good larval survival and growth, both in terms of total length and body weight, were obtained by feeding the larvae either rapeseed, soybean or linseed oils. The presence of vegetable oils in the diet increased the levels of 20:2n−9 and 20:2n−6, 18:2n−9, 18:3n−6, 20:3n−6 and 20:4n−6, in larvae fed rapeseed and soybean oils in comparison to those fed FO. In addition, a sixfold increase in the relative expression of Δ6 desaturase-like gene was found in larvae fed rapeseed and soybean oils, denoting the nutritional regulation of desaturase activity through its gene expression in this fish species. However, feeding linseed oil did not increase the expression of the Δ6 desaturase gene to such a high extent.     

Diet composition of sturgeon fry (Acipenser persicus) reared in fertilized earthen ponds

Artificial rearing of fry has been introduced as an alternative to supply fry and juvenile sturgeon in order to restock the depleted sturgeon population in the Caspian Sea. The aim of this study is to assess the feed selection characteristics of sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fry during the period in which they stay in earthen ponds before being released into the river. Sturgeon fry weighing around 150 mg were introduced into five almost similar‐sized earthen ponds. The ponds were enriched with fertilizer to supply natural food for the fries. A weekly sample of six specimens was collected from each pond during the 5 weeks of the experiment. All collected fish were weighed and then dissected for inspection of the stomach and the intestine content. The overall stomach content measured from 150 fish showed that around 74% of the stomach content was composed of chironomids and the rest was daphnia and cyclops. At the beginning of the study (first 2 weeks), sturgeon fry feed more on daphnia and cyclops; this trend, however, reversed in the last 2 weeks of the study. In conclusion, sturgeon fry feed on three prey groups—chironomids, daphnia and cyclops—during their lifespan in earthen pond. Feeding on chironomids larvae increased with sturgeon fry size.     

Enhancing highly unsaturated ω‐3 fatty acids in phase‐fed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using Alaskan fish oils

Rainbow trout, average weight 185–187 g, were fed feeds containing menhaden oil, canola oil or fish oils (pollock, pink salmon or rockfish) produced from Alaskan seafood processing waste as the added oil for 8 weeks, at which time the fish weighed 391–411 g (average 404 g, pooled SE = 5.7). The fish were previously fed from 75 g average weight fed commercial feed containing poultry oil as the added oil. No significant differences were measured in final weight or feed conversion ratio among dietary treatment groups. Significant differences were found in fillet ω‐3 fatty acid (FA) levels from fish receiving fish oil‐supplemented feeds compared to those from fish receiving feeds containing canola oil. Fillet contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω3) and decosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3) were highest in the pollock oil treatment group, although all fish oils increased highly unsaturated ω‐3 FA contents (mg 100 g^?1) of fillets. Fish oil used through the production cycle was reduced by 25% by supplementing feeds with poultry oil during the middle phase of production (75–175 g) compared to using feeds containing fish oil throughout the production cycle. Fish oils recovered from Alaskan seafood processing waste were suitable alternatives to conventional fish oil as ingredients in rainbow trout production feeds.