刺楸种子打破休眠和变温催芽试验

通过对刺楸进行打破休眠和变温催芽试验,研究了刺楸种子深度休眠的机理和催芽方法,结果表明:引起深度休眠的主要原因是种胚发育不完全,尚需一定的时间和温度条件才能完成种胚的发育,种子采收后须立即用湿河沙堆藏,层积处理的天数不少于120d。     

Analysis of series of variety trials with perennial crops

Field trials with perennial crops give rise to repeated measurements taken on the same plot on several occasions. It is important to account for serial correlation among repeated measurements in such trials. This study illustrates the use of mixed models for this purpose. We consider the analysis of trials conducted at several locations and the combination of trials with different starting years. A key issue in the analysis is the distinction between effects of calendar years, which are associated with external environmental variation, and harvest years, which represent internal yield formation processes of the perennial crop. Two methods of two‐stage analysis are compared with single‐stage analysis. It is shown that results of two‐stage analysis are very similar to those of single‐stage analysis, if serial correlation is properly taken into account. Program code for the MIXED procedure of the SAS system is given in an Appendix S1 for all considered cases.     

青海贵德地区潜水含水层弥散系数研究

以青海贵德地区作为研究区域,以NaCl作为示踪剂,一次性瞬时投放,进行野外弥散试验,观测示踪剂浓度随时间的变化过程,使用标准曲线配线法和使用Matlab数据拟合法进行求解,得到了责德地区潜水含水层弥散系数,并分析了试验结果,比较了两种计算方法.     

A new approach to trenching experiments for measuring root-rhizosphere respiration in a lowland tropical forest

Soil respiration in tropical forests is a major source of atmospheric CO₂. The ability to partition soil respiration into its individual components is becoming increasingly important to predict the effects of disturbance on CO₂ efflux from the soil as the responses of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration to change are likely to differ. However, current field methods to partition respiration suffer from various methodological artefacts; root-rhizosphere respiration is particularly difficult to estimate. We used trenched subplots to estimate root-rhizosphere respiration in large-scale litter addition (L+), litter removal (L−) and control (CT) plots in a lowland tropical semi-evergreen forest in Panama. We took a new approach to trenching by making measurements immediately before-and-after trenching and comparing them to biweekly measurements made over one year. Root-rhizosphere respiration was estimated to be 38%, 17% and 27% in the CT, L+, and L− plots, respectively, from the measurements taken immediately before and one day after trenching in May-June 2007. Biweekly measurements over the following year provided no estimates of root-rhizosphere respiration for the first seven months due to decomposition of decaying roots. We were also unable to estimate root-rhizosphere respiration during the dry season due to differences in soil water content between trenched and untrenched soil. However, biweekly measurements taken during the early rainy season one year after trenching (May-June 2008) provided estimates of root-rhizosphere respiration of 39%, 24% and 36% in the CT, L+, and L− plots, respectively, which are very similar to those obtained during the first day after trenching. We suggest that measurements taken immediately before and one day after root excision are a viable method for a rapid estimation of root-rhizosphere respiration without the methodological artefacts usually associated with trenching experiments.     

虚拟仿真实验教学系统联合问卷星在“食品毒理学”动物实验教学中的应用

"食品毒理学"动物实验通常需要使用较多实验动物给予毒物处理以满足课堂教学的需要,当前,飞速发展的信息时代下,各种新型教学技术手段极大地变革了高校实验课的教学形态。虚拟仿真实验教学系统和问卷星这2种新型教学手段相结合的方式,能够更加高效地辅助"食品毒理学"完成实验教学,提高教学效率,最大程度减少实验动物使用量,从而加深学生对于毒理学动物实验所倡导的3R (替代Reduction,减少Replacement,优化Refinement)原则的认识。     

基于全球导航卫星系统的智能化精细平地系统优化与试验

农田土地精细平整是中国现代地面精细灌溉的重要基础,能提高农田灌溉均匀度,改良土壤水盐分布,控制杂草,达到节水增产的效果。应用GNSS(global navigation satellite system,全球导航卫星系统)技术进行土地精细平整具有不受天气影响、测量速度快、工作效率高等优点,具有广泛应用前景。该文结合中国土地平整的实际情况和前期的研究成果,开发了适合国内应用的GNSS控制平地系统,降低了研发的设备成本,优化完善了平地系统的功能。为减少分立设备数量,提高系统集成度,设计了集成控制终端,集成GNSS接收模块、差分电台模块、核心处理平台和阀控制模块,并设计了集成控制终端的外壳,通过可旋转调整支架固定在拖拉机驾驶室内,具有良好的防尘、降温和牢固等优点;为完善地形测量功能,增加了测量轨迹的实时显示,以及农田面积等地势信息的计算,便于指导后续平整作业;优化了基准设计,建立了坡面平整的数学模型,实现了任意坡度坡面平整。优化后的系统主要由集成控制终端、自主差分GNSS接收设备、液压系统以及平地铲运设备几部分构成;以Visual Studio2008为系统软件开发环境,GNSS精细平整集成软件能够实现农田地势测量、基准设计及平整作业等功能。该智能平地系统在中国农业大学上庄试验站进行了长时间平整实验,平面平整后最大高程差从20.9降到10.5 cm,高程标准差从10.6降到5.5 cm,平地误差小于5 cm的测点累积百分比从77%上升到90%左右,平整效果良好。坡面平整的坡度从0.239%降到0.120%,符合设计要求。结果表明,系统工作稳定可靠,作业精度满足土地精细平整要求,适用于在中国推广应用。     

维药阿育魏果中总黄酮提取工艺及含量测定

[目的]探讨阿育魏果中总黄酮的提取方法及含量测定方法。[方法]采用正交试验,以提取的总黄酮的含量为评价指标,紫外可见分光光度法测定总黄酮含量。[结果]超声法提取阿育魏果中总黄酮的含量为10.378%,相对标准偏差为2.38%(n=3)。最优工艺如下:时间为15 min,功率为150 W,料液比为1∶20,乙醇浓度为70%。上述4个因素对阿育魏果中总黄酮提取率的影响从大到小依次为乙醇浓度、料液比、超声功率和超声时间。[结论]超声提取阿育魏果中总黄酮快速且高效;紫外外分光光度法准确度较高,偏差较小。     

麦茬地免耕播种机清秸覆秸装置设计与试验

摘要：针对黄淮海一年两熟地区麦茬地免耕播种存在秸秆堵塞单体,缺少适宜的防堵装置等问题,研制了一种用于麦茬地免耕播种机的清秸覆秸装置,该装置采用弹齿作为清秸部件,并融合了秸秆横向位移的思想和主动式防堵的特点。为确定清秸覆秸装置的合理结构,采用L9(34)正交试验方法,对该装置的参数进行了优化试验。结果表明：弹齿线速度20.72 m/s、作业速度4.5 km/h、弹齿齿数7排、挡板角度75°时,清秸率达98%以上、覆秸均匀度达7.48、覆秸宽度达2.89 m。按照国家标准GB/T6973-2005《单粒（精密）播种机试验方法（Testing Methods of Single Seed Drills）》对免耕播种机进行了田间播种性能试验。结果表明,在理论株距分别为6和8 cm,理论播深为3～5 cm条件下,免耕播种机的粒距合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数及株距变异系数均达到了国家部颁标准优等品要求水平,播深合格率达到一等品的要求水平。该研究对解决麦茬地免耕机械化播种问题具有参考意义。     

环模制粒粉体旋转挤压成型扭矩模型构建及试验

环模制粒成型技术以其高效率、高成型率、低污染等优点广泛应用于饲料机械、生物质能源机械、化工、制药等领域,而环模制粒过程扭矩模型的缺失已成为制约制粒技术发展的瓶颈之一。该文旨在通过理论分析、数值模拟与试验研究,建立粉体旋转挤压制粒成型过程精确扭矩模型,为粉体旋转挤压制粒成型装备的节能降耗及优化设计奠定理论基础。针对各向同性粉体物料,基于微单元受力分析及广义胡克定律,建立了旋转挤压制粒成型过程中模孔不同深度位置挤压压强的计算公式;基于DPC模型及实际辊轧工艺,建立了旋转挤压成型过程有限元分析模型,进行了压紧区应力分析;基于有限元模拟分析结果,设定变形压紧区的压强分布为二次曲线,建立了变形压紧区、挤压区的压强分布模型;最后建立了粉体旋转挤压制粒成型扭矩模型。以无线扭矩测试系统及环模制粒机为试验平台进行了鸡饲料的环模挤压制粒试验,求解得到了所有模型常量。设计了9组扭矩测试试验进行模型验证,测试结果与理论计算对比表明,试验值与计算值差距较小,最大计算误差仅为2.6%,这反映出建立的模型正确有效,对指导环模制粒机结构优化与节能降耗具有重要的意义。     

苎麻机械剥制试验与工艺参数优化

苎麻剥制工艺参数是剥麻机设计与力学分析的基础。为提高剥麻机剥制质量和效率,论文针对剥麻机切削机构运动和力学特点,在自行设计的苎麻剥制机上进行了试验,对麻皮基本工艺参数、麻皮机械物理特性、切削机构动力参数对剥制质量和生产效率的影响关系进行了试验测定和优化分析。试验结果表明：随着正压力增大,纤维含杂率和含胶率降低,麻纤维质量得到提高,但损失率增加。麻皮切削速度加大有利于提高工效,但纤维质量有所下降,损失率增加。对剥制质量和工效的综合影响分析显示,切削机构刀具正压力和相对速度的最佳取值分别为220 N和 0.6 m/s,而滑动摩擦系数,麻壳剪切强度,麻壳及纤维的厚度压缩比等工艺参数可为剥麻机切削机构的设计提供重要依据。