Specific and non-specific adsorption of inorganic ions I. Evaluation of specific adsorbability by means of minimum concentration for specific adsorption

The Minimum Concentration for Specific Adsorption (MCSA) was defined as a reversal of the charge concentration of the ion at the infinite dilution of sol (adsorbent), or practically at such concentration of sol that equilibrium of the ion Is but negligibly affected by adsorption of the ion.

The MCSAs of 15 species of cations were measured with respect to SiO₂ at pH 4,6,5, and 10; the MCSAs of 10 species of anions were measured with respect to Fe(OH)₃ at pH 4, and 6.5; and the MCSAs of 10 species of anions were measured with respect to Al-coated-SiO₂ at pH 6.5. Relative specificities of the inorganic ions based on the MCSAs at pH 6.5 were as follows:

The MCSAs of cations with respect to SiO₂ and of anions to Fe(OH)₃ and Al-coated-SiO₂ at pH 6.5 had close relationships to ionic potentials and general solubility of the elements in water. Based on these results, the authors concluded that the MCSA could be used u an index of specificity (i.e. covalent bond-forming tendency) of an Jon at adsorption reactions.

The values corresponding to the apparent stability constants of surface complexes formed by adsorption reaction with SiO₂ and cations at pH 4 were calculated from the values of the MCSAs.     

集中水流冲刷条件下土石崩积混合物坡面产沙特征

通过室内人工放水冲刷试验,探究不同流量(2L/min,4L/min,8L/min,16L/min)和砾石含量(0%,20%,40%,60%)条件下,土石混合崩积物坡面产沙特征。结果表明:各条件下产沙过程均呈先增大后减小再趋于稳定的趋势。产沙量随着流量的增大而增大,而含沙量随流量的增大总体呈减小的趋势;在2L/min和4L/min条件下,产沙量及含沙量随着砾石含量的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,存在临界砾石含量(20%~40%);在8L/min和16L/min条件下,产沙量及含沙量随着砾石含量的增大而增大。产沙率与含沙量的关系表明,含石量对产沙的影响存在临界含石量(20%~40%)。砾石含量和流量可以用来很好地预测土石混合崩积物的产沙率,但对含沙量的预测效果较差。流量对产沙率及含沙量的影响均大于砾石含量。     

基于GIS的黑龙江省拉林河流域土壤侵蚀空间特征分析

以黑龙江省拉林河流域为研究区,利用USLE计算土壤侵蚀模数,并建立了基于GIS的空间栅格数据库。采用地统计分析方法,进行研究区的土壤侵蚀模数空间特征分析。对比现行两种土壤侵蚀强度分级标准,分析确定适用的土壤侵蚀强度分级标准。采用空间和趋势分析方法,进行研究区的土壤侵蚀强度空间分布特征分析。结果表明:（1）研究区的土壤侵蚀模数分布具有强烈的空间相关性,自西向东、由北至南呈线型增大的分布趋势;（2）《黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准标准》中规定的土壤侵蚀强度分级标准适用性更强;（3）研究区的土壤侵蚀面积占总面积的94%,强烈、轻度和中度水力侵蚀为主要的侵蚀强度类型;强烈水力侵蚀主要分布于西部的洪积台地,轻度水力侵蚀主要分布于东部的低山丘陵宽谷,中度水力侵蚀主要分布于中部的地貌过渡带,极强烈和剧烈水力侵蚀主要呈零散状分布于东部的低山丘陵沟壑,中部和西部也有零星分布;随植被覆盖度的降低,土壤侵蚀强度等级自东向西呈增大趋势。     

Mechanism and molecular markers associated with rust resistance in a chickpea interspecific cross (Cicer arietinum × Cicer reticulatum)

A gene that controls resistance to chickpea rust (Uromyces ciceris-arietini) has been identified in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from an interspecific cross between Cicer arietinum (ILC72) × Cicer reticulatum (Cr5-10), susceptible and resistant to rust, respectively. Both parental lines and all RILs displayed a compatible interaction but differed in the level of infection measured as Disease Severity (DS) and Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). Histological studies of the seedlings of resistant parental Cr5-10 line revealed a reduction in spore germination, appressorium formation, number of haustoria per colony and colony size, with little host cell necrosis, fitting the definition of partial resistance. A Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) explaining 31% of the total phenotypic variation for DS in seedlings and 81% of the AUDPC in adult plants in the field was located on linkage group 7 of the chickpea genetic map. The AUDPC displayed a bimodal distribution with high frequency of susceptible lines and both the AUDPC and markers showed the same distorted segregation. Consequently, it was hypothesised that a single dominant gene (proposed as Uca1/uca1) controlled resistance to rust in adult plants. This allowed us to locate the gene on the genetic linkage map. Two Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Sites (STMS) markers, TA18 and TA180 (3.9 cM apart) were identified that flank the resistance gene. These findings could be the starting point for a Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) programme for rust resistance in chickpea.     

耐辐射奇球菌DNA损伤响应开关蛋白PprI的研究进展

耐辐射奇球菌是迄今为止发现的最具辐射抗性的生物之一。其体内的Ppr I蛋白在整个DNA辐射损伤修复过程中起着必不可少的作用,ppr I作为一个细胞全局性的开关基因,协调控制DNA损伤响应与修复过程中众多细胞通路的基因表达。本文探讨了Ppr I在耐辐射奇球菌抗辐射和抗氧化中的生物学功能、相关结构功能以及对其他原核及真核生物抗逆性的影响,并展望了其潜在的生物学新功能与意义,旨在为进一步研究耐辐射奇球菌的辐射抗性机制提供理论依据。     

Towards a Pan‐European Assessment of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion

Understanding spatial and temporal patterns in land susceptibility to wind erosion is essential to design effective management strategies to control land degradation. The knowledge about the land surface susceptible to wind erosion in European contexts shows significant gaps. The lack of researches, particularly at the landscape to regional scales, prevents national and European institutions from taking actions aimed at an effective mitigating of land degradation. This study provides a preliminary pan‐European assessment that delineates the spatial patterns of land susceptibility to wind erosion and lays the groundwork for future modelling activities. An Index of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion (ILSWE) was created by combining spatiotemporal variations of the most influential wind erosion factors (i.e. climatic erosivity, soil erodibility, vegetation cover and landscape roughness). The sensitivity of each input factor was ranked according to fuzzy logic techniques. State‐of‐the‐art findings within the literature on soil erodibility and land susceptibility were used to evaluate the outcomes of the proposed modelling activity. Results show that the approach is suitable for integrating wind erosion information and environmental factors. Within the 34 European countries under investigation, moderate and high levels of land susceptibility to wind erosion were predicted, ranging from 25·8 to 13·0 M ha, respectively (corresponding to 5·3 and 2·9% of total area). New insights into the geography of wind erosion susceptibility in Europe were obtained and provide a solid basis for further investigations into the spatial variability and susceptibility of land to wind erosion across Europe. © 2014 The Authors. Land Degradation and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Powdery mildew resistance of Nordic spring wheat cultivars grown in Estonia

Abstract

A group of spring wheat cultivars originating from Sweden, Finland, Norway, Germany, and the Netherlands was analysed for powdery mildew resistance. Using functional molecular markers, two alleles of the major resistance gene Pm3 were detected among the cultivars under the study. One of the alleles, Pm3d, was detected in the resistant cultivars ‘Vinjett’, ‘SW Estrad’, and ‘Zebra’, and in ‘Tjalve’, a cultivar of earlier release susceptible to the local population of powdery mildew. The second allele of Pm3 detected in the analysed group of cultivars was the allele Pm3f, rarely used in Europe. It was identified in the resistant cultivars ‘Satu’, ‘Helle’, and in the moderatively resistant cultivar ‘Mahti’. Pm3f was found to be effective against the local population of powdery mildew in Estonia, while Pm3d provided no protective effect. Besides the Pm3d allele on chromosome 1A, monosomic analysis of the cultivar ‘Vinjett’,which is almost immune to powdery mildew, identified two additional loci on chromosomes 5D and 7D, respectively, presumably responsible for the high resistance in this cultivar. In contrast to the earlier cultivars, six recently released cultivars (‘Vinjett’, ‘SW Estrad’, ‘Zebra’, ‘Satu’, ‘Helle’, ‘Meri’) demonstrated a high resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis DC. f. sp. tritici both in the field and seedling tests, showing that the genetic basis of powdery mildew resistance in Nordic spring wheat has been improved noticeably in the last ten years.     

油菜角果抗裂角性二自由度碰撞测试方法研究

为了筛选更利于机械化收获的油菜品种,提出了二自由度油菜角果抗裂角性碰撞测试技术。该文对二自由度碰撞测试仪的结构原理、参数设计、机构运动特性进行分析,并对二自由度碰撞与摇床碰撞下的钢球运动进行EDEM仿真;对二自由度碰撞的适宜碰撞参数进行研究,且对二自由度碰撞法与摇床随机碰撞法、田间角果与剪取后干燥角果的抗裂角性分别进行对比试验。研究结果表明:摆动电机转速60 r/min、移动电机转速75 r/min为适宜碰撞参数;二自由度碰撞法(平均标准偏差0.025 6)比摇床碰撞法(平均标准偏差0.020 3)结果重复性更好,且二自由度碰撞对抗裂角性较好的品种区分度更好;而同含水率水平下的田间油菜角果抗裂角性(抗裂角指数范围0.013～0.553)相比于干燥后角果抗裂角性(抗裂角指数范围0.008～0.948)要差,二者结果差异显著(P=0.010.05),田间角果测试可以更为真实的反映出角果的抗裂角性,研究结果为不同油菜品种抗裂角性的评价测试提供参考。     

Combining ability of yield and yield components among Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae-compatible and Striga-resistant sorghum genotypes

ABSTRACT

Use of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars with partial resistance to Striga spp. and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (FOS) represents a novel strategy to control Striga. This study aimed to identify the nature of gene action controlling grain yield and yield components and to select promising sorghum crosses possessing both FOS compatibility and Striga resistance, along with good combining ability effects. One-hundred hybrids, developed from pairwise matings among 10 FOS compatible, high-yielding female lines and 10 Striga-resistant male lines, were evaluated with and without FOS inoculation. The F₁s were field evaluated at three locations in Tanzania known for their severe Striga infestation, using an alpha lattice design with two replications. General (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were significant for grain yield per plant, hundred-seed weight, plant height, flowering time and the number of Striga plants. The study demonstrated FOS inoculation to be an effective means of controlling Striga. Families 675?×?672, AS435?×?3993 and 4643?×?AS436 displaying large SCA effects for grain yield, and 4567?×?AS429, 3424?×?AS430 and 3424?×?AS436 with small SCA effects for Striga counts should be useful genetic resources for breeding and integrated Striga management.     

Characterization and genetic mapping of eceriferum-ym (cer-ym), a cutin deficient barley mutant with impaired leaf water retention capacity

The cuticle covers the aerial parts of land plants, where it serves many important functions, including water retention. Here, a recessive cuticle mutant, eceriferum-ym (cer-ym), of Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) showed abnormally glossy spikes, sheaths, and leaves. The cer-ym mutant plant detached from its root system was hypersensitive to desiccation treatment compared with wild type plants, and detached leaves of mutant lost 41.8% of their initial weight after 1 h of dehydration under laboratory conditions, while that of the wild type plants lost only 7.1%. Stomata function was not affected by the mutation, but the mutant leaves showed increased cuticular permeability to water, suggesting a defective leaf cuticle, which was confirmed by toluidine blue staining. The mutant leaves showed a substantial reduction in the amounts of the major cutin monomers and a slight increase in the main wax component, suggesting that the enhanced cuticle permeability was a consequence of cutin deficiency. cer-ym was mapped within a 0.8 cM interval between EST marker {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AK370363","term_id":"326489160","term_text":"AK370363"}}AK370363 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AK251484","term_id":"151420132","term_text":"AK251484"}}AK251484, a pericentromeric region on chromosome 4H. The results indicate that the desiccation sensitivity of cer-ym is caused by a defect in leaf cutin, and that cer-ym is located in a chromosome 4H pericentromeric region.