Influence of felling season,drying method and within-tree location on the brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content of wood from 27–35-year-old Betula pendula

The Brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) were measured from thinning-aged silver birch wood. Wood material both from the trees harvested in the first commercial thinning and from trees remaining on site after the thinning was included. The average Brinell hardness was 19.40 MPa. It correlated significantly with the basic density of wood. With respect to the distance from the pith, the Brinell hardness of air-dried wood was higher than that of artificially dried wood. The average EMC of the conditioned (20°C, 65% relative humidity) wood was 12.0%. The EMC of the wood also varied, with the EMC being higher for air-dried wood than for kiln-dried wood. EMC was the highest at a distance of 30–40 mm from the pith, decreasing towards both pith and log surface. Seasonal variation in both the Brinell hardness and the EMC of the wood was found. It was presumed to be a consequence of season-dependent physiological changes in trees.     

Experimental studies on the impact of an increased dose of anionic salts on the metabolism of dairy cows

Summary

This study was initiated to investigate the influence of a daily dose of anionic salts (AS) above the valid upper limit at present on metabolism of dairy cows. Eleven non‐pregnant and non‐lactating Holstein‐Friesian crossbred cows with a permanent rumen cannula were used in a study with a controlled feeding design. The initial daily dose was 2500 meq/day, which resulted in a Dietary Cation Anion Difference (DCAD) of ‐211 meq/kg dry matter. Every seven days, the daily dose was raised by 500 meq. If a cow stopped eating, the application of AS was stopped and these cows were monitored over the next seven days. On day 30 another batch of hay, having the same DCAD but higher concentrations of minerals and energy, was fed. Blood and urine samples were taken to monitor acid‐base balance and calcium concentrations. Acid‐base balance was strongly influenced by AS. Blood pH dropped steadily and reached values around 7.23. Urine pH dropped quickly below 6 and remained at that level regardless of the increased dosage of AS. Net acid base excretion (NABE) fell continuously with the increase of the dosage of AS and reached values below ‐200 mmol/l. Calcium concentrations in the serum were nearly stable, but those in urine increased sharply and remained on an elevated level with increasing doses of AS. A few days before the individual cow's refusal of feed intake, calcium excretion in urine decreased. The majority of cows stopped eating while consuming a diet containing 3500 to 4000 meq AS except two animals who consumed up to 6000 meq/day AS but they received the better hay in the second half of the treatment period. In this time pH in blood increased slowly. NABE remained stable on a low level at ‐100 mmol/l. The results showed that with an increasing amount of AS fed the risk of clinical acidosis increased. The decreasing urine concentrations of calcium indicate a breakdown of the compensation capability of the single cow. Besides the dose of AS fed, the quality of the feed stuff might be another factor concerning the tolerance of cows against AS.     

Chemical modification of wood: A short review

Abstract

For most markets for wood, it is used without any treatments or modifications. When wood is used in adverse environments, it may be treated with chemicals to help prevent decay, improve water resistance, reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation or increase fire retardancy. Many of these treatments involve the use of toxic or corrosive chemicals that can harm the environment. Chemical modification of wood provides an alternative by providing protection against water, decay, UV and thermal degradations by bonding chemicals to the cell wall polymers that do not leach out. Dimensional stability and decay resistance are two major properties that can be greatly improved by simple reactions with acetic anhydride.     

高温水热处理对毛竹材颜色和平衡含水率的影响

为提高竹制品加工利用水平,以高温水为传热介质,在温度为120℃、130℃、140℃、150℃,160℃,时间为60min、90min、120min的密闭条件下对毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla）进行高温热处理,以饱和蒸汽压控制试验的压力环境,研究毛竹材在不同水热处理条件下颜色及平衡含水率的变化。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高和时间的延长,毛竹材表面颜色由明黄色向深咖啡色转变,红绿色品指数（a*）略微上升后下降,趋向于绿色,黄蓝色品指数（b*）逐步下降,趋向于蓝色。总体色差（ΔE*）增大,明度（L*）下降,竹材平衡含水率下降拐点出现在140℃,与热处理时间相比,热处理温度对竹材颜色及平衡含水率的影响更显著。     

~(60)Coγ辐照对稻谷平衡含水率的影响

将辐照剂量这一因素加入到常用的3组平衡含水率模型中,对不同剂量γ射线辐照稻谷进行平衡含水率的研究,建立受辐照剂量、环境相对湿度和环境温度三因素影响的3组平衡含水率模型,拟和模型系数。并分析了3组平衡含水率模型的相关系数、平均相对误差和标准差。结果表明,在相同的相对环境湿度和环境温度下,辐照剂量对稻谷的平衡有明显的影响。无论在吸附还是在解吸附过程中,辐照剂量越高稻谷的平衡含水率越低。此外,在试验范围内,修正的Chung-Pfost模型和修正的Henderson分别适合预测稻谷的解吸附和吸附过程中的平衡含水率。     

试论平衡压力对胶合板鼓泡缺陷的影响

介绍了胶合板热压过程中平衡压力对鼓泡的影响.     

Influence of fruit load on dry matter and N-distribution in sweet pepper plants

The influence of fruit load on the leaf characteristics and on the distribution of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Cornado) plants was investigated under Mediterranean glasshouse conditions during a winter–spring production cycle (from December till June). DM weight of all organs (roots, stems + petioles, leaves and fruits) and N content were determined throughout the growing cycle over a 3-week interval. The results showed that the cyclic fruit load pattern (production flushes) was associated with strong variations of N-leaf content on an area basis and specific leaf weight, SLW. On a whole plant scale, the value of SLW dramatically decreased (≈30%) with increasing fruit load; the reverse held true as long as the fruit dry weight remained low (<30 g pl⁻¹). The decline in SLW was coincident with a shift in distribution of DM and N in the plant, both preferentially diverted to the fruits. The time evolution of DM and N fractions in organs exhibited periodic fluctuations, with a duration close to the length of a fruit growth cycle (about 70 days, from anthesis to harvest). Linear relationships were found between the fraction of dry mass and N in fruits, and those of the other organs. The slope of these relationships was considered as an indicator of the response and sensitivity of the organ growth to an increase in fruit load. The root dry mass fraction was the most affected by increases in fruit load (slope of −0.75), while the N fraction in roots and in leaves was affected to a similar extent (slope of −0.50 and of −0.40, respectively). We conclude that, in the sweet pepper, the cyclic pattern of fruit load induces opposite cyclic patterns of dry matter and N content in the other aerial organs as well as in the roots, thereby reflecting close shoot–root coordination in the allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources among the organs. Finally, we discuss the possible implications that could derive from these findings for modelling dry matter partitioning in plants subjected to continuous fruit harvesting.     

高水分籼米安全储藏及保鲜技术研究

以一定条件下的籼米平衡水分,水活度作为评价籼米储藏稳定性和制定保管技术措施及管理规范的重要依据。对不同水分的籼米,综合运用通风储藏自然低温隔湿保冷储藏磷化铝低剂量和间歇密闭及其它储粮技术,使２１７１０ｔ水分为１３．７％－１６．６％的籼米保质,保鲜,安全储藏６－８个月。３种不同水分的籼米品质变化趋势,保质保鲜效果均无明显差异。     

动力负熵场及其在短期天气预报中的应用

把纬圈气流虚拟平衡态原理具体应用到短期预报中,因时效短的缘故,决定了虚拟平衡态应在低层大气中寻找,倘若时效达到一定天数,则平衡态应在中层大气中定义。按照涡动原理计算出动力负熵值,由动力负熵值构成动力负熵场,其由正熵区,负熵区、０值线三部分组成,正熵区为无降水区,负熵区又分为负熵有效区和负熵无效区,前者为未来的降水区域,降水强度与负熵中心值和梯度的大小成正比。     

沼气工程太阳能双效增温系统热平衡分析

根据我国北方冬季气温偏低、沼气池产气慢且少的特点,结合日照特点,设计了由太阳能温室和集热室两部分组成的太阳能双效增温沼气系统。利用传热学的基本理论,建立了沼气系统的热平衡方程,并通过理论计算,分析了太阳能双效增温沼气系统内各部分的热利用效率。