蛋白酶解对鲣鱼肉乳化特性的改善

天然鱼蛋白乳化性不佳,难以满足实际生产需求,但鱼蛋白的酶解改性可改善其功能特性,并拓展应用范围。以鲣鱼白色肉为原料,以水解度和乳化性为主要指标,比较了不同蛋白酶(胰蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶)和水解时间对酶解液制备和鱼蛋白乳化性的影响,优化了酶解工艺参数。将鱼蛋白进行冷冻干燥后,分析鱼蛋白酶解前后溶解性、乳化性和起泡性等功能特性的差异。结果表明,当胰蛋白酶添加量2 000 U·g^-1,酶解10 min时,鱼蛋白水解度(DH)达到8.2%,此时鱼蛋白乳化特性最佳。与酶解前样品相比,酶解后鱼蛋白的乳化活性和乳化稳定性显著提高,其溶解度、起泡性和起泡稳定性均有一定程度的改善。酶解制备的鲣鱼蛋白在广泛pH范围内具有更好的功能性质,在食品工业具有更高的应用价值。     

三种酶制备牡蛎蛋白水解物的抗氧化活性和功能特性分析

目的：比较分析木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶三种不同酶水解牡蛎获得的蛋白产物抗氧化活性和功能特性。方法：采用木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶三种不同酶水解牡蛎蛋白获得水解物,并分别测定它们的在不同pH下的溶解度、乳化性以及不同浓度水解物的还原能力、DPPH自由基清除率和Fe^{2 +}螯合能力。结果：表明三种酶水解物都有较高的溶解度(p＜0.01),胰蛋白酶产生的水解物溶解高度达94.8％(p＜0.05);水解物溶解度和乳化活性指数在pH4显著降低(p＜0.05)。牡蛎蛋白质水解产物的还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和金属螯合活性随浓度的增加而增强,其中胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶抗氧化能力较强(p＜0.01)。结论：三种蛋白酶水解牡蛎蛋白可获得抗氧化活性强、溶解度高的水解物,并受浓度和pH的影响,它们的水解物可作为一种潜在的抗氧化功能多肽利用。     

鳄鱼血蛋白酶解产物抗氧化特性和血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性研究

研究了鳄鱼血蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化特性和对血管紧张素转化酶（ ACE）的抑制活性。利用木瓜蛋白酶酶解鳄鱼血浆蛋白和血球蛋白,用分光光度法测定了酶解产物的抗氧化能力和用高效液相色谱（ HPLC）测定其ACE的抑制率。结果显示：鳄鱼血浆和血球蛋白酶解产物的亚铁离子螯合能力差异性不显著（ P＞0．05）;在0～5 mg/mL的浓度范围内,血球蛋白酶解产物清除ABTS自由基的能力大于血浆蛋白酶解产物,且在浓度为1 mg/mL时,两者清除ABTS自由基的能力差异性极显著（ P＜0．01）;血浆蛋白酶解产物清除DPPH自由基的能力在0～5 mg/mL的浓度范围内随着蛋白浓度的增加而升高,血球蛋白酶解产物在蛋白浓度为4 mg/mL处达到最大清除率,之后下降;在0～20 mg/mL的浓度范围内,两种酶解产物的还原力随着蛋白浓度的提高显著升高,但两者还原力的差异性不显著（ P＞0．05）;鳄鱼血浆和血球蛋白酶解产物对ACE具有良好的抑制力,其最大抑制率可分别达到75．56％和86．42％。研究表明,鳄鱼血蛋白酶解产物在体外具有抗氧化和抑制ACE的活性。     

鱼肉酶解物及壳聚糖对鲤鱼涂膜保鲜效果的研究

以感官评分、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、K值为指标,研究比较了鱼肉酶解物和壳聚糖为原料的涂膜液对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)(4℃)冷藏过程中品质变化的影响。结果显示:贮藏期间,对照组的感官评分显著低于各涂膜组(P<0.05)。贮藏前8 d,涂膜组能够显著抑制K值的升高(P<0.05)。鱼肉酶解物和壳聚糖涂膜组均能够显著抑制细菌的生长,而贮藏2～6 d内鱼肉酶解物涂膜鲤鱼的菌落总数显著低于壳聚糖涂膜组(P<0.05)。贮藏后期,鱼肉酶解物组能延缓TVB-N值的升高,壳聚糖涂膜组能够显著抑制TVB-N值的升高(P<0.05)。鱼肉酶解物可作为一种新的可食性涂膜材料,用于延长鲤鱼的贮藏期。     

热稳定脱脂米糠蛋白质碳水化合物酶-蛋白酶分步提取法酶的筛选和条件优化

热稳定脱脂米糠(HDRB)中蛋白质已严重变性,采用常规方法很难提取其中蛋白质。本研究其目的在于评价不同碳水化合物酶和蛋白质水解酶组合在HDRB蛋白质提取的作用,以及利用响应曲面方法优化蛋白质提取组合条件。结果发现使用果胶酶P-Ⅱ处理HDRB,继后对其残渣进行蛋白酶P处理,蛋白质提取率可达到80%。采用中心成分回归设计进一步对果胶酶P-Ⅱ、蛋白酶P、水糠比、温度、pH、提取时间进行RSM优化,最大蛋白质提取率可达到89%。本研究为合理利用米糠蛋白及利用米糠蛋白制备功能性短肽提供了可靠的方法。     

Taurine alone or in combination with fish protein hydrolysate affects growth performance,taurine transport and metabolism in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of taurine (Tau) alone or in combination with fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on growth performance, the expression of Tau transporter (TauT) and metabolic profile in juvenile turbot. FM, FPH0, FPH0+T, FPH10 and FPH10+T diets, respectively, contained 300, 150, 150, 80, and 80 g/kg fishmeal. FPH10 and FPH10+T diets contained 62 g/kg FPH. FPH0+T and FPH10+T diets were, respectively, prepared by supplementing the FPH0 and FPH10 diet formulations with 8 g/kg Tau. Specific growth rate was the highest in FM group and the lowest in FPH10 group. TauT mRNA levels in fish fed Tau supplemented diets were significantly lower than that in Tau unsupplemented diets. NMR‐based metabolomics analysis showed that Tau contents in liver of FPH0+T and FPH10+T were significantly higher than that of FM, FPH0 and FPH10. In muscle, Tau contents were significantly decreased in the FPH10+T versus FPH0 and the FPH10+T versus FPH10 comparisons. In conclusion, 62 g/kg FPH to replace fishmeal may not affect Tau synthesis, transport and metabolism. However, Tau supplemented alone or in combination with a certain level of FPH could reduce the requirement for Tau synthesis and transport and increased Tau levels in muscle and liver.     

凝结芽孢杆菌对奥尼罗非鱼消化酶活性、消化率及生长性能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加不同剂量的凝结芽孢杆菌(Ⅰ:1.0×1011cfu/kg饲料,Ⅱ:3.0×1011cfu/kg饲料,Ⅲ:6.0×1011cfu/kg),室外水族箱中饲养奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)(34.50±0.25 g),用基础饲料投喂作为对照,每饲料组设三个重复,每水族箱随机放养16尾鱼,投喂率为3%。采用静水饲养以避免各箱之间水的交换。56 d后测定鱼体的生长和消化酶活性。结果显示:不同添加量的凝结芽孢杆菌均能显著提高奥尼罗非鱼胃、肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),但酶的活性随添加量的提高呈下降趋势。凝结芽孢杆菌的添加对胃、肝胰脏和肠道淀粉酶及脂肪酶活性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的干物质表观消化率、蛋白质消化率、相对增重率、饵料系数和蛋白质效率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而Ⅲ组和对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,饲料中添加1.0×1011cfu/kg饲料的凝结芽孢杆菌就能显著促进奥尼罗非鱼的生长和饲料营养物质的利用,满足最佳生长。     

Production of Interesting Peptide Fractions by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Tuna Dark Muscle By-Product Using Alcalase

ABSTRACT

A protein hydrolysate was prepared from proteins of tuna dark muscle by-product. The hydrolysis conditions (time, temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration) using Alcalase was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The regression coefficient close to 1.0, observed during experimental and validation runs, indicated the validity of the model. The hydrolysate produced under the optimum conditions determined by RSM has a low rate of peptide fraction of molecular weight of 4–1 kDa. Meanwhile, the results obtained by hydrolysis under optimal conditions determined by a complementary study (temperature 55°C, time 60 min, 1% enzyme concentration, and pH 8.5) show that the hydrolysate produced has a height rate of the peptide fraction of molecular weight of 4–1 kDa. The amino acid composition of the protein hydrolysate prepared proved to have the potential for application as an ingredient in balanced fish diets and as a source of nitrogen in microbial growth media.     

Tuna viscera protein hydrolysate: nutritive and disease resistance properties for Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus L.) larvae

The effect of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, gut microflora and resistance to bacterial challenge in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae during a 45‐day feeding trial has been investigated. Artificial diets containing different levels of tuna visceral protein hydrolysate (PH0, PH10, PH25 and PH50) and live foods (Artemia: 5 days, Daphnia: 40 days) were fed to Persian sturgeon larvae. Larvae fed on the PH10 and PH25 had growth, feed utilization, protein content and trypsin activity significantly better than PH0 and PH50 groups (P < 0.05). Condition factors, survival rate and pepsin activity were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Brush border membrane enzymes to cytosolic enzyme ratio revealed that maturation had been occurred in 41 days post hatch (dph) at moderate FPH levels. In 54 dph larvae, this ratio was not affected by the level of FPH in the diet. No significant differences were observed in the total number of gut microflora or in the resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila (P > 0.05), whereas lactic acid bacteria was significantly higher in PH50 (P < 0.05). The results of this study show that application of moderate levels of FPH in Persian sturgeon diets could enhance larvae performance due to the early maturation in intestinal.     

Sensory Characteristics of Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus japonicus) Hydrolysate

ABSTRACT

Threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) spray-dried hydro-lysate was prepared using Alcalase at predetermined optimum hydrolysis conditions consisting of pH 8.5, 60°C, 2% enzyme, and 2 h hydrolysis. The hydrolysate was evaluated for its preferred concentration in rice porridge. Its acceptability was compared with sauces and enzyme-treated rice and vegetable hydrolysate. The preferred concentration in rice porridge was found to be 3% (w/v) and bitterness increased with concentration of hydrolysate. Threadfin bream hydrolysate was preferred as much as soy sauce; however, it received a lower score for taste compared to fish sauce. In terms of color, threadfin bream hydrolysate received significantly (p < 0.05) lower score than Flavorzyme and Alcalase treated rice hydrolysate and Vegetable hydrolysate. Low preference to the hydrolysate could probably be due to its greenish yellow color in which the common color for flavorants are brownish. For overall acceptability, no significant difference was observed between threadfin bream hydrolysate and Alcalase-treated rice hydrolysate but was significantly lower than vegetable hydrolysate and Flavorzyme-treated rice hydrolysate.

The hydrolysis of threadfin bream with Alcalase produced hydrolysate having a combination of bitter, umami, salty, sweet and sour tastes with fishy flavor. Bitterness and umami were rated as having an intermediate intensity, salty as between weak and intermediate, and sour and sweet as weak. The three basic tastes for hydrolysate were bitter, umami and salty, with umami and bitterness being the determining tastes.