苎麻种植密度对重金属Pb、As富集能力影响研究

本研究以两个苎麻主栽品种为研究对象,设计了2种种植密度,研究苎麻在Pb、As污染农田中的生长情况及植物体内不同部位的Pb、As含量,期望从中发现不同的种植密度对苎麻产量以及对重金属Pb、As富集能力的影响。试验结果表明:不同的种植密度对苎麻的产量影响较大,“湘3”和“中1”正常密度产量分别为10.49kg/亩和8.80kg/亩,而高密度依次分别达到22.82 kg/亩和20.86 kg/亩;正常密度2个品种苎麻地上部Pb、As含量均高于高密度,Pb、As的小区迁移量都是湘3高密度最高,分别达到4.97mg/m2和0.194mg/m2,高密度会减少苎麻单株地上部重金属的含量,但是总迁移量有所提高。     

Effect of elevated CO2 on vegetative and reproductive growth characteristics of the CAM plants Hylocereus undatus and Selenicereus megalanthus

This study examined the vegetative and reproductive growth responses of the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) vine-cactus fruit crop species Hylocereus undatus and Selenicereus megalanthus to CO₂ enrichment (1000 μmol mol⁻¹ vs. control of 380 μmol mol⁻¹). H. undatus plants enriched with CO₂ demonstrated 52%, 22%, 18%, and 175% increases, relative to plants measured in ambient CO₂, in total daily net CO₂ uptake, shoot elongation, shoot dry mass, and number of reproductive buds, respectively. The responses of S. megalanthus plants exposed to elevated CO₂ were greater than those of H. undatus under the same conditions. Compared to plant responses in ambient CO₂, under conditions of CO₂ enrichment, S. megalanthus showed 129%, 73%, 68%, and 233% increases in total daily net CO₂ uptake, shoot elongation, shoot dry mass, and number of reproductive buds, respectively. Moreover, for H. undatus, there was no significant change in fruit fresh mass although it showed a slight (7%) upward trend. On the other hand, fruit fresh mass of S. megalanthus significantly increased by 63% in response to elevated CO₂. These results indicate the high potential of CAM plants to respond to CO₂ enrichment. It is thus apparent that S. megalanthus grown under CO₂ enrichment may benefit from elevated CO₂ to a greater extent than H. undatus grown under sub-optimal growth conditions.     

Effects of density,PVC‐tubes and feeding time on growth,stress and aggression in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Successive exposure to aquaculture‐related stressors may compromise the allostatic capacity of African catfish and lead to allostatic overload and poor welfare. Therefore, we tested the effect of (i) feeding during the light or dark phase, (ii) density (51 fish per 140 L versus 51 fish per 43 L) and (iii) altered available resting space/shelter on stress handling were studied in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Available resting space/shelter was manipulated by providing PVC‐tubes in the tanks. Growth, baseline stress load (cortisol and osmolality), metabolism (glucose, lactate and non‐esterified fatty acids) and aggression (measured by skin scar incidence) were assessed. Upon completion of the experimental period, we determined the adaptive capacity of the fish by the response to air exposure. We show that night‐feeding enhances growth and lowers feed conversion ratio compared to day‐feeding. No effects of density were found for baseline stress hormones, basal metabolism or aggression. Low density seems to stimulate aggressive behaviour after air exposure. Unexpectedly, providing PVC‐tubes under high‐density conditions increased aggression, raised baseline cortisol levels and decreased basal metabolism as well as growth; also the endocrine response to air exposure was stronger. We argue that these effects relate to a reduction in available space, i.e. a further increase in density, or to an increased competition for shelter. Overall, our data suggest that night‐feeding optimizes growth and that care should be taken in using objects as shelter/enrichment for African catfish.     

Environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments: effects of physical structures and substrates

Structural environmental enrichment, that is, a deliberate addition of physical complexity to the rearing environment, is sometimes utilized to reduce the expression of the undesirable traits that fish develop in captivity. Increasing demands and regulations regarding usage of enrichment to promote fish welfare also make investigations on the effects of enrichment important. Here, we sythesize the current state‐of‐the‐art knowledge about the effects of structural environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments. We find that enrichment can affect several aspects of the biology of captive fish, for example, aggression, stress, energy expenditure, injury and disease susceptibility. Importantly, these effects are often varying in direction and magnitude, and it is clear that just addition of structure is not a solution to all problems in fish rearing. Each species and life stage needs special consideration with respect to its natural history and preferences. A multitude of different enrichment types has been investigated and many studies investigate several enrichment components at the same time, making comparisons among studies difficult. To the present date, the majority of efforts have been directed to investigate salmonid fish in stock‐fish hatcheries and cichlids from a basic research perspective. Some contexts are under‐studied with respect to environmental enrichment, for instance effects on results in basic research and welfare effects in display aquaria. There are many research opportunities left within this field. However, future studies could utilize experimental designs which make it possible to discriminate between effects of different environmental manipulations to a higher degree than what has been performed to this date.     

基于土壤地球化学特征的土地利用结构优化研究——以湖北钟祥市柴湖镇为例

以柴湖镇主要的18 575.94 hm2土地为研究区进行农业地质调查,对硒含量、土壤环境质量和p H等相关数据进行分析。结果表明,该镇土壤为中性至弱碱性,土壤环境质量达到GB15618-1995二级标准的土地面积为16 292.11 hm2,经尼梅罗综合污染指数评价,1 328.85 hm2的土壤为无公害富硒土壤。结合土地利用现状数据分析发现,当前柴湖镇的土地利用结构和农作物种植结构不够科学合理,在镇域西北部存在城乡建设用地大面积占用无公害富硒土壤的问题,在镇域南部存在土壤环境质量为三级的区域种植小麦等直接影响人体健康的食用类作物的问题。鉴于此,提出柴湖镇土地利用结构调整和农作物种植结构调整的方案。     

松花江沉积物重金属形态赋存特征研究

采用Tessier连续提取法分析了松花江表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn4种重金属的赋存形态,并结合次生相富集系数法,探讨了沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险及来源。结果表明,沉积物中Cu以残渣态为主(高于50%),其次为有机质结合态,从上游至下游,沉积物中Cu形态的稳定程度逐渐增加;沿程所有沉积物样品中可交换态Pb的含量均高于当地沉积物背景值,存在较高的可迁移性和二次释放风险;在二松大部分江段和松花江干流,Zn主要以比较稳定的残渣态存在,不存在二次释放污染水体的风险;Mn的有效态含量均在流域沉积物背景值范围之内。对重金属次生相富集系数的研究表明,沿程沉积物中Cu、Pb均有一定程度的富集,主要来源于人为输入;Zn在二松中下游的哈达湾至松原江段有一定的富集,其余江段人为输入的Zn较少;沉积物中的Mn主要为自然来源。     

利用天然沸石富集酒精糟水中B族维生素、氨基酸和矿物质的基础试验

在静态吸附试验中,用1.8％盐酸和3％醋酸处理的60～80目丝光沸石的核黄素吸附量为294.0和288.6μg/g。用1.8％,3.6％,7.2％和18％盐酸处理的80目以上丝光沸石,其核黄素吸附量分别为298.5,330.8,345.2和298.2μg/g。斜发沸石的核黄素吸附量高于丝光沸石。80目以上丝光沸石对糟水中核黄素、硫胺素、烟酸和赖氨酸吸附量分别为78.6,115.0,31.8μg/100g和10.4mg/100g,80目以上斜发沸石对糟水中核黄素和硫胺素的吸附量为114.3和194.7μg/100g。吸附饱和的丝光佛石中含铁1411.4ppm,铜3.1ppm,锌36.0ppm,而原矿中含铁754.2ppm,铜0.9ppm,锌13.Oppm,锰43.1ppm。饱和丝光沸石和斜发沸石中含铅3.2和4.5ppm。原矿丝光和斜发沸石中含铅5.9和33.9ppm。     

Detection and characterization ofSalmonella typhimurium from a dairy herd in North Dakota

Nasal secretions, faecal samples and buffy coats were obtained from 102 cattle from a North Dakota dairy herd with a history of calf scours. Treated buffy coats, faecal samples and nasal secretions were inoculated into tetrathionate broth (TB), incubated at 37°C overnight, and plated onto brilliant green agar medium with novobiocin (BGAN). The TB was left at room temperature for 5 days and then used to inoculate fresh TB. The fresh TB was incubated at 37°C over night and plated onto BGAN medium. All the plates were incubated at 37°C over night and observed forSalmonella-like growth. Suspect colonies were further tested andSalmonella isolates were serotyped by the National Veterinary Services laboratory. Twenty-two of the 36 calves sampled harbouredS. typhimurium in their faeces, but no samples from cows were positive. NoSalmonella were isolated from the buffy coats, but 4 calves were shown to haveSalmonella in their nasal secretions. Extended enrichment of the faecal cultures in TB resulted in a significant increase inSalmonella isolations, although 2 samples were positive following the initial enrichment period and not after secondary enrichment. The typicalSalmonella isolate detected from this herd contained a transmissible R-plasmid encoding resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, sulphisoxazole and ampicillin. This study confirmed that delayed secondary enrichment in TB is superior to primary enrichment for detection ofSalmonella from cattle.Abbreviations Ap ampicillin - BGAN brilliant green agar with novobiocin - Cm chloramphenicol - DSE delayed secondary enrichment - Gn gentamicin - Kn kanamycin - NA nalidixic acid - NADC National Animal Disease Center in Ames, Iowa - NVSL National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa - PB polymyxin B - PE primary enrichment - Sm streptomycin - Su sulphisoxazole - TB tetrathionate broth - Tc tetracycline - TSI triple sugar iron agar     

作物根茬对土壤培肥作用的研究——Ⅰ.作物根茬对土壤酶活性的影响

关于作物根茬对土壤酶活性的影响,过去很少研究。本文对黑钙土、黑土中各种作物留茬与否对土壤酶活性的影响作了分析。结果表明,各种作物根茬对土壤酶活性均具有一定的促进效应。但不同作物根茬的数量与组成不同,对土壤酶活性的效应也不同。玉米、高梁、草木樨、砂打旺等根茬的作用较好,大豆根茬的效应最低。因此,历来认为只有大豆是“养地作物”的传统观念,是值得商榷的。     

In vitro shoot development ofEucalyptus citriodora on Rockwool in the film culture vessel under CO2 enrichment

An efficient system for growingin vitro plantlets ofEucalyptus citriodora Hook was developed. In the conventional closed system of culture with 2% sugar-containing gellan gum Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.02 mg/l indole-3-isobutyric acid, a serious defoliation of shoots was observed after three weeks. In contrast, plantlets grown on the sugar-free MS medium in the aerated bottle under 3,000 ppm CO₂ enriched condition did not show any defoliation. A marked enhanced growth of plantlets and no defoliation were observed on rockwool with the sugar-free liquid MS medium in the “Culture Pack”, made of fluorocarbon polymer film, under CO₂ enriched condition. CO₂ enrichment for this sugar-free “Culture Pack”-Rockwool system was also found to contribute to an improved growth of the plants in acclimatization. A part of this paper was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1995).