化感水稻内生真菌发酵产物的抑菌活性评价及其对水稻保护性酶活性的影响

为探究化感水稻内生真菌对植物病原真菌的抑制作用及其对水稻生理特性的影响,本研究采用来自化感水稻6173中分离得到的12株内生真菌菌株,以水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病、恶苗病菌为指示菌株,通过平板对峙法研究了内生真菌菌株的抑菌活性,再采用牛津杯扩散法对初筛获得的抗性菌株进行抑菌活性复筛,并对筛选到的抑菌菌株抗菌物质的热稳定性及其对非化感水稻93067相关保护性酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,菌株REF-04抑菌活性强,其对纹枯病菌抑制率达到50.63%,发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物抑制效果显著,抑菌圈直径达到18.6 mm;菌株REF-04发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物中抗菌成分具有较强的热稳定性,其发酵液能显著提高水稻苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性。本研究筛选获得的水稻内生真菌REF-04具有较好的抗菌活性,同时还能促进水稻幼苗保护性酶活性的提高,其作为生物农药具有一定的应用价值和开发前景。     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗内生细菌的分离鉴定及防治效果初探

从抗（耐）枯萎病香蕉品种桂蕉 9 号植株根部分离到一株对香蕉枯萎病致病菌 4 号生理小种（FOC4）平板拮 抗抑制率为 85.7%的内生细菌，命名为 GKT04。形态特征、生理生化特征鉴定及 16S rDNA 和 recA 基因序列比对结果 表明，该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens），GenBank 登录号为 KY328743。盆栽试验表明，经菌株 GKT04 处理的香蕉幼苗 64 d 后病情指数比对照降低了 49.23%。菌株 GKT04 最适生长温度为 30 ℃，最适 pH 为 6.0。 菌株 GKT04 发酵上清液可以明显抑制 FOC4 菌落的生长，对 FOC4 菌落生长抑制率为 33.33%，可使 FOC4 孢子萌发率 降低 71.41%。     

高羊茅种子内生真菌的消毒方法

在高羊茅Festuca arundinacea组织培养中最常用的外植体是成熟种子,而种子中共生的半知菌亚门内生真菌Neotyphodium coenophialum使消毒较为困难,污染率高.为了研究温水处理对富含内生真菌的高羊茅种子发芽率、污染率和出愈率的影响,以不同温度(40,50,60℃)、不同时间(10,20,30min)的温水浸泡和次氯酸钠配合使用处理高羊茅种子,并进行发芽率试验和愈伤组织培养.经统计学分析发现,适用于富含内生真菌的高羊茅种子的最佳消毒组合为50℃温水浸泡10min,再经70%酒精处理5min,然后用次氯酸钠处理15min.消毒方法在保证较高种子发芽率的前提下,可降低种子污染率,提高出愈率.该消毒技术对于解决高羊茅因内生真菌造成的严重污染、出愈率低等现象有重要作用,并为高羊茅再生体系构建奠定重要的试验基础.     

青海高寒草地牧草拮抗内生细菌的筛选、鉴定及促生功能测定

以尖镰孢菌黄瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerium)为指示菌从青海高寒草地牧草内生细菌中筛选拮抗菌株,结合形态学特征和16Sr DNA基因序列同源性分析鉴定,并进行促生功能测定。结果表明,供试的81株内生细菌中36株有拮抗作用,占供试菌株的44.0%,其中从根部分离的13株的抑菌率均在50.0%以上,菌株2018GH11对6属8种病原真菌的抑菌率均在50.0%以上,特别对孜然根腐病菌的抑菌率达67.6%,抑菌谱宽;根据形态学特征和16Sr DNA基因序列分析将其鉴定为暹罗芽孢杆菌Bacillus siamese;2018GH11具有固氮能力,无溶磷和产IAA能力;发酵菌剂2018GH11用量为0.50%时,黄瓜株高、茎粗、叶片数、鲜重及干重分别比对照增加了15.33%、39.40%、22.22%、215.99%和126.70%。该结果表明高寒草地牧草内生细菌2018GH11具有良好的防病促生作用,开发潜力巨大。     

内生真菌对干旱胁迫下金钗石斛生理生化特性的影响

以从野生金钗石斛内分离到的内生真菌37号、117号和120号菌株为材料,探讨在干旱胁迫下3种菌株对金钗石斛的生长、生理特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着15%PEG6000溶液胁迫时间的延长,各处理组较对照组相比生长减缓,渗透调节增加,抗氧化酶活性增强。3株内生真菌处理下能减少植株鲜重的下降,其中120号菌株能有效降低根长、提高抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD)的活性;117号能增加渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量;37号能增强抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活性。3株菌株均能增强金钗石斛抗旱能力,但作用效果各不相同,生产中混合使用效果更佳。     

红果型沙地云杉内生真菌多样性

了解沙地云杉植物内生真菌生态多样性,为沙地云杉内生真菌的种属鉴别和资源的开发利用提供科学的依据,并为下一步深入研究内生真菌代谢产物提供理论基础。对内蒙古自治区克什克腾旗白音敖包自然保护区的沙地云杉进行调查,采用组织分离法对沙地云杉的不同组织部位进行内生真菌分离,以形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法进行鉴定,选取其中60株进行扩增、测序和系统发育分析。从系统发育树可见,菌株聚为2个大分支,分别为子囊菌亚门和半知菌亚门,10个小分支对应7个科分属于10个属12种,其中链格孢属（Alternaria）与青霉属（Penicillium）为优势菌属,红果型沙地云杉内生真菌菌种资源较丰富。     

石蝉草内生细菌多样性及其特征

采用菌落表征性状统计和16SrRNA基因序列分析法,对石蝉草根、茎、叶内生细菌的数量分布、群落组成和遗传多样性进行初步研究。从各组织器官中分离出内生细菌383株,通过菌落表征性状,以类平均连锁聚类法进行聚类分析,在欧氏距离为0的水平上可聚为19个亚群。多样性分析结果表明,19个亚群隶属于8属13种;其数量表现为叶根茎,多样性表现为茎叶根,其中鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas和寡养单胞菌属Stenotrophomonas为石蝉草内生细菌的优势属。     

The endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica protects wheat from fusarium crown rot disease in simulated UK autumn conditions

The root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica (Sebacinacea) forms mutualistic symbioses with a broad range of host plants, increasing their biomass production and resistance to fungal pathogens. This study evaluated the effect of P. indica on fusarium crown rot disease of wheat, under in vitro and glasshouse conditions. Interaction of P. indica and Fusarium isolates under axenic culture conditions indicated no direct antagonistic activity of P. indica against Fusarium isolates. Seedlings of wheat were inoculated with P. indica and pathogenic Fusarium culmorum or F. graminearum and grown in sterilized soil‐free medium or in a non‐sterilized mix of soil and sand. Fusarium alone reduced emergence and led to visible browning and reduced root growth. Roots of seedlings in pots inoculated with both Fusarium isolates and P. indica were free of visible symptoms; seed emergence and root biomass were equivalent to the uninoculated. DNA was quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The ratio of FusariumDNA to wheat DNA rose rapidly in the plants inoculated with Fusarium alone; isolates and species were not significantly different. Piriformospora indica inoculation reduced the ratio of Fusarium to host DNA in the root systems. The reduction increased with time. The ratio of P. indica to wheat DNA initially rose but then declined in root systems without Fusarium. With Fusarium, the ratio rose throughout the experiment. The absolute amount of FusariumDNA in root systems increased in the absence of P. indica but was static in plants co‐inoculated with P. indica.     

内生细菌EBS05对烟草诱导抗性的信号转导途径研究

 樟树内生枯草芽胞杆菌EBS05是一株对多种植物病原菌具有较强拮抗活性,并能诱导烟草系统抗性的生防菌株。本文以缺失Surfactin A合成相关基因的突变菌株EBS05^T为材料,研究了内生细菌EBS05对烟草诱导系统抗性的激发子及其信号转导途径。结果表明,菌株EBS05产生的Surfactin A是诱导烟草对TMV系统抗性的有效激发子;Surfactin A诱导处理后,SA信号转导途径下游的关键调节基因NPR1首先被激活,并持续超量表达,进而触发PR1b和PR1a基因持续超量表达,表明Surfactin A诱导烟草对TMV的系统抗性是通过激活SA信号转导途径实现的。同时,Surfactin A诱导处理后24~72 h,JA/ET信号转导途径调节基因PDF1.2被激活,且超量表达,表明在Surfactin A诱导烟草对TMV系统抗性的信号转导过程中,可能存在SA信号途径和JA/ET信号途径的交叉协同作用。     

Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita by the endophytic fungus Acremonium implicatum from tomato root galls

Specific endophytes with biocontrol potential might occur in diseased plant tissues. We isolated an endophytic fungus from tomato root galls infected with Meloidogyne incognita and identified it as Acremonium implicatum based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer sequences. Its biocontrol potential was tested in vitro and in pot and field experiments. In the in vitro test, 96.0% of second-stage juveniles of M. incognita were killed by a culture filtrate of A. implicatum after 48 h. The fungus also suppressed egg hatching, with only 36.3% of treated eggs hatching compared with 87.3% of control eggs. Pot experiments showed that A. implicatum inhibited the formation of root galls, with 40.6 galls per treated plant compared with 121.6 on control plants. A. implicatum reduced the nematode population in soil, with 151.1 nematodes per 100 g treated soil and 375.1 in control soil. Field experiments demonstrated that the root gall index of treated plants (25) was markedly lower than that of control plants (96). In conclusion, A. implicatum has excellent potential for the biocontrol of M. incognita.