Role of Tween 80 in biobleaching of unbleached hardwood kraft pulp with manganese peroxidase

The role of Tween 80 in biobleaching of unbleached hardwood kraft pulp (HWKP) with manganese peroxidase (MnP) was investigated. Among the surfactants (e.g., Tween 80, Tween 20, CHAPSO) the most significant brightness increase was obtained with Tween 80. Tween 80 and Tween 20 exhibited several effects, such as dispersion of degraded lignin and activation of MnP, that partly contributed to the brightening of HWKP during MnP treatment. However, these characteristics did not explain the most appreciable effect on the brightness increase by Tween 80. Lipid peroxidation of surfactants during MnP biobleaching was determined by measuring the peroxide value (POV). The order of the POV increase was consistent with that of the brightness increase of pulp during MnP treatment in the presence of various surfactants or linolenic acid. However, radicals and peroxides derived from lipid (linolenic acid) peroxidation by lipoxidase hardly brightened the HWKP by themselves. These results suggested that Tween 80 was peroxidized by Mn(III), and that Mn(III) and lipid peroxidation of Tween 80 synergistically brightened HWKP.This study was presented in part at the 43rd lignin symposium, Fuchu, Tokyo, Oct. 26–27, 1998 and the 49th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2–4, 1999     

核桃幼树内源激素与生长势的关系

激素在果树生长发育过程中起着重要调控作用,基因通过激素控制植株高矮(曾骧,1992).对苹果(Maluspumila)、李(Prunus salicina)、桃(Prunus persica)等果树内源激素与生长势的关系已有一些报道(王丽琴等,2002;周怀军等,2002;孙艳香等,2001),但在核桃上有关研究尚少.本试验以核桃(Juglans regia)不同品种的嫁接植株及实生苗为试材,探讨内源激素与树体生长势的关系,为选择核桃矮化砧木提供理论依据.     

Na2SO4盐胁迫对紫穗槐酶活性的影响

对紫穗槐幼苗进行不同浓度的Na2SO4处理,测定并分析了其幼苗叶中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及过氧化物酶（POD）活性的变化。结果表明：1）300 mmol/L的盐浓度是适宜紫穗槐生长的临界土壤盐浓度。2）紫穗槐幼苗体内活性氧的保护酶体系主要途径是由SOD催化超氧自由基,再由POD和CAT共同协作来清除SOD催化超氧自由基的产物。     

雷竹开花期内源激素含量变化研究

通过对开花雷竹和未开花雷竹内源激素含量的分析结果表明,ABA对促进雷竹开花起到了主要作用,而IAA和GA₃对雷竹开花有拮抗作用;并且认为,为了抑制雷竹开花而施植物生长调节剂应施在雷竹的竹鞭部位较好。     

Ri质粒T-DNA对6年生转基因三倍体毛白杨生长和生理性状的影响

为探索外源基因在成年树木中的表达及稳定性,以转Ri质粒6年生三倍体毛白杨成年树木为材料,以同时种植的未转基因三倍体毛白杨为对照植株,对21个转基因株系和对照植株进行外源基因检测和生长、生理特性测定。PCR检测结果证明,Ri质粒T-DNA上的tms、rolC基因在各转基因株系基因组中稳定存在。转基因株系生长受到不同程度影响,各转基因株系的叶柄长、叶片长、叶片宽度和叶面积均小于对照植株,叶片长宽比大于对照植株;71%的转基因株系树高低于对照植株;81%的转基因株系胸径低于对照植株。转基因株系叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b含量、Fv/Fm值、PI值均低于对照植株。81%的转基因株系叶片内源GA3含量及所有株系叶片的内源IAA含量和IAA/ABA比值均高于对照植株,而86%转基因株系叶片的内源ABA含量低于对照植株。T-DNA能够在三倍体毛白杨成年树木中稳定表达,使植物体内内源IAA和GA3含量提高,生长受到抑制,但不同株系存在较大差异。本研究结果为进一步研究外源基因在植物体内的表达调控机制提供了参考依据。     

An improved method for bright-field imaging of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant roots

Easy observation methods to assess the colonization levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in plant roots are crucial for studying the biology of AM symbiosis and for considering agricultural use. Many AM studies employ Trypan Blue (TB) coupled with lactic acid to stain AM fungal structures as bright-field images; however, TB staining can be difficult to use owing to its noxiousness and high viscosity. Here, we report the development of an easy method for visualizing AM fungal structures as bright-field images using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB). Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which specifically targets N-acetylglucosamine polymers and detects AM fungal cell walls, penetrated the cortical layers of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH)-treated soybean roots and stained AM fungal mycelia in the presence of DAB and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Comparison between DAB and TB staining of soybean (Glycine max L.) roots suggested that the intactness of root systems and image contrast using DAB staining were superior. Background signals in stele observed by DAB staining were negligible as compared with those observed by WGA-fluorescein isothiocyanate staining. DAB staining, which combines the advantages of TB (easy bright-field imaging) and WGA-fluorophore (specific and high-quality) staining, provides a robust imaging method for macro- and micro-level analyses of AM roots and is applicable to at least six crops: soybean, onion (Alium cepa L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).     

Tree age influences nutritional,pectin, and anatomical changes in developing ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora) fruit

An understanding of variation in fruit quality in relation to tree age can help understand the issue of poor fruit quality in young orchards; however, limited information is available on the citrus fruit. In this study, the endogenous nutritional status in rind, rag, and leaves; pectin status in rind and rag; and anatomical fruit growth parameter in rind tissues were studied in ‘Kinnow’ mandarins fruit during their development on trees from three age (6-, 18-, and 35-year-old) groups. In older (35-year-old) trees, rind, rag, and leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were superior. In fruit from all tree age groups, total pectin and protopectin reduced; however water-soluble pectin (WSP) improved. In rind tissues harvested from young (6-year-old) trees, cell density was more while cell size was less. In all tree age groups, cell density in rind tissues correlated negatively with rind WSP.     

基于倾向值匹配方法的土地督察制度的耕地保护效应研究

[目的]评估土地督察对耕地保护的效果以及解决样本选择带来的内生性问题,进一步完善土地督察制度提供理论支持。[方法]收集1999—2008年的省级面板数据,基于倾向值匹配分析估计土地督察的耕地保护效果。[结果](1)通过匹配变量的平衡性检验,最终采用了内核匹配方法。运用内核匹配法进行匹配估算,专项督察每年减少建设占用耕地面积8 037.489hm~2,例行督察每年减少建设占用耕地面积62 741.880hm~2。(2)专项督查地区的选择并非随机产生的,由此产生了样本选择偏误,即由于样本选择产生的内生性问题,采用倾向值匹配方法能够更为准确地估算专项督查的耕地保护效果。(3)例行督察对地区的选择相对专项督查而言,随机性更强,督察也更为全面,因此样本选择偏误也较小。以被督察地区面积比重表达政策变量方式估计得到的例行督查耕地保护效果要比倾向值匹配方法估计得到的结果更为可靠。[结论]例行督察的耕地保护效果较好。在土地政策评估中,需要考虑政策及其对象的相互关系的不同,以此考虑政策效果评估方法的选择。     

Effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid on water uptake,ionic toxicity,and antioxidant capacity of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) under sodic‐alkaline conditions

Sodic‐alkalinity may be more deleterious to plant growth than salinity. The objectives of this study were to determine whether 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA: an essential precursor for chlorophyll biosynthesis) foliar application could improve the sodic‐alkaline resistance of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla ) by regulating water uptake, ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant metabolism. Eight‐week‐old uniform plants were grown in nutrient medium without and with a sodic‐alkaline regime generated by a mixture of NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ (NaHCO₃ : Na₂CO₃ = 9:1 molar ratio) for 12 d, and leaves were sprayed daily with water or ALA. The Na⁺ and ALA concentrations were gradually increased to 60 mM and 120 μM, respectively. ALA foliar application alleviated the physiological damage from sodic‐alkalinity, as reflected by the increases in plant dry weight, relative growth rate, chlorophyll, Mg²⁺ concentration, and the decrease in Na⁺ concentration. However, ALA foliar application did not change the water uptake capacity or the concentration of K⁺, Fe³⁺, and endogenous ALA in leaf tissues under sodic‐alkaline conditions. ALA foliar application effectively mitigated damage from sodic‐alkalinity because of the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and guaiacol peroxidase), particularly superoxide dismutase activity, which was maintained at the same level as for control plants. These results suggest that ALA foliar application alleviated sodic‐alkaline stress mainly owing to its antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase has the main responsibility for reducing oxidative stress in Swiss chard.     

镉长期暴露对中华稻蝗抗氧化机制的影响

采用生长于Cd2＋污染条件下的小麦苗喂养中华稻蝗的慢性染毒方法,研究了Cd2＋胁迫对中华稻蝗SOD、CAT、GPx活性和H2O2浓度的影响。结果表明,在Cd2＋的作用下,中华稻蝗体内SOD、CAT、GPx活性和H2O2浓度均发生变化,表明Cd2＋可导致中华稻蝗体内产生ROS。SOD、CAT、GPx3种酶对Cd2＋有一定的耐受性：当Cd2＋浓度在这3种酶的耐受范围内,酶活性提高,反之酶活性降低。Cd2＋与抗氧化系统间的关系复杂,SOD、CAT、GPx共同承担清除ROS、保护中华稻蝗的重要作用。