木质林产品跨境交易下碳储量核算方法比较分析

国际贸易行为使得储存于采伐后木质林产品中的碳汇在各国间发生流动, 又由于对采伐后木质林产品的使用方式和最终用途的差异, 使得产品中碳汇的存续时间出现巨大的差异。如何对国际木质林产品跨境交易下的各国碳储量变化进行全面量化, 合理判断各国基于木质林产品消费方式的差异而对环境所造成的直接或间接影响, 从而明晰全球温室气体减排下各国的责任划分, 具有非常重要的意义。文中根据政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)所提供的4种采伐后木质林产品碳储量核算方法, 分析各国对不同核算方法的立场及其背后的深层原因, 指出我国应该积极开展木质林产品跨境交易下碳储量核算方法的前沿跟踪研究, 以便未来在木质林产品碳汇计量谈判中掌握主动权从而有效维护国家利益。     

稻田土壤CH4排放及其关联微生物功能基因丰度对磺胺二甲嘧啶和铜污染的响应

为了研究畜禽粪便中磺胺类兽用抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶(Sulfamethazine,SMZ)和典型重金属铜(Copper,Cu)复合污染对稻田土壤CH_4排放及其微生物相关功能基因丰度的影响,以猪粪为肥源,设置无污染、低、中、高4种SMZ和Cu不同污染水平的浓度,SMZ分别为0、0.1、1、5 mg·kg~(-1),Cu分别为0、100、500、1 500 mg·kg~(-1),两两组合共计16个处理,通过长时间室内模拟淹水培养实验,定期测定CH_4排放速率和相关土壤功能基因丰度,以期探索SMZ和Cu单一及复合污染影响CH_4排放和相关功能基因丰度的浓度效应及影响时长。结果表明:培养前期(0～12 d),不同浓度的SMZ和Cu未显著影响CH_4排放速率(P0.05);培养中后期(13～71 d),单一低浓度SMZ(0.1 mg·kg~(-1))处理对CH_4排放具有促进作用,高浓度SMZ(≥1 mg·kg~(-1))则反之,单一Cu污染及与不同浓度的SMZ复合污染处理均显著降低了CH_4排放速率(P0.05)。与对照(SMZ和Cu零添加)相比,除单一低浓度SMZ(0.1 mg·kg~(-1))处理的CH_4累积排放量增加了19.7%外,其他处理均显著降低了CH_4排放,尤其Cu和SMZ(≥1 mg·kg~(-1))复合污染处理显著降低了约77%(P0.05)。SMZ单一污染对16S rRNA-CH_4、mcr A和pmo A的基因丰度均有明显的浓度效应和输入时间效应,Cu单一污染则未有明显的浓度和时间效应,两者复合污染的联合作用比较复杂,主要取决于两污染物的起始浓度及SMZ输入土壤的时间。无论SMZ和Cu单一还是复合污染,中高浓度在培养的后期对三大基因丰度的影响均以降低为主,且pmo A基因丰度对Cu和SMZ单一及复合污染响应更敏感。研究表明,SMZ和Cu在一定程度上会降低稻田土壤CH_4排放及相关微生物基因丰度,有利于温室气体减排,但规模化养殖业畜禽粪便还田后导致抗生素和重金属高残留的环境风险仍不可忽视。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertiliser form and environmental conditions

The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N₂O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N₂O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N₂O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N₂O emissions from agricultural land. Received: 30 August 1996     

Estimating the component of soil respiration not dependent on living plant roots: Comparison of the indirect y-intercept regression approach and direct bare plot approach

Distinguishing between root and non-root derived CO₂ efflux is important when determining rates of soil organic matter turnover, however, in practice they remain difficult to separate. Our aim was to evaluate two methods for determining the component of below-ground respiration not dependent on plant roots (i.e., basal soil respiration; R_b). The first approach estimated R_b indirectly from the y-intercept of linear regressions between below-ground respiration (BGR) and root biomass. The second approach involved direct measurements of soil respiration from bare plots. To compare the contrasting approaches, BGR and crop biomass measurements were collected throughout the year in a range of agricultural systems. We found that both methods were very closely correlated with each other. Values of R_b determined by the intercept approach, however, were slightly higher than those determined by measurement of bare plots. Both approaches showed a seasonal trend with estimates of R_b lowest in winter months at 0.02 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹ for the y-intercept approach and 0.11 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹ for the bare plots approach, even after the data had been corrected for the influence of soil temperature. Highest rates of R_b occurred from the height to the end of the crop growing season (0.8-1.5 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹). The annual CO₂ efflux due to R_b was estimated to be 8.1 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ from the y-intercept approach and 6.8 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ from bare plots. Annual BGR was 12.1 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. We conclude that both methods provide similar estimates of R_b, however, logistically the bare plots approach is much easier to undertake than the y-intercept approach.     

大颗粒木质成型燃料燃烧过程烟气排放特性

选用大颗粒木质燃料为研究对象,通过管式加热炉对单颗粒木质燃料进行燃烧试验,研究不同空气流量和温度下木质燃料燃烧过程CO、NO、SO_2等气体动态排放特性。试验结果表明:800℃时,挥发分着火时间滞后,着火前即有CO随挥发分析出,CO排放浓度曲线呈双峰状;随着温度升高,CO析出峰明显变窄,从挥发分析出至焦炭燃烧完成所需时间缩短:NO排放浓度及其排放量在温度为900℃时达到最大值,燃料N至NO的转化率最高可达41.79%,随着温度升高和燃烧过程还原性气氛增强,NO析出浓度及其排放量减少,转化率可低至12.32%;木质燃料充分燃烧时,几乎无SO_2排出,S主要转化为硫酸盐固存于灰分中或于高温下随烟气排出;贫氧燃烧状态下,S02析出主要源自挥发分析出初期有机硫的分解、氧化,但燃料中更多的s以H2S、CaS等形式排出。     

农田土壤N2O排放和减排措施的研究进展

氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种受人类活动影响的重要温室气体。农业土壤是其主要的排放源之一,土壤中硝化和反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要过程。N2O的排放受多种因素的影响,农业活动尤其是施用化学氮肥是农田N2O排放量增加的主要因素。提高氮肥利用率,使用硝化抑制剂等措施将有助于减少N2O的排放量,更有效的减排措施还有待进一步的研究与应用。     

乡村旅游产业链共生系统的特征及模式的演化和构建——以山西省为例

全球气候变暖的主要原因在于大气中碳浓度的急速升高。为应对全球气候变暖,以低碳为特征的新发展模式成为目前减少温室气体排放,应对全球气候变暖的根本途径。农业生态系统作为最大的人工生态系统,是重要的碳排放源之一。农业活动与气候变暖关系密切,农业生态系统已成为温室气体的第二大来源。本文以三峡库区为例,在分析了库区农业发展面临问题的基础上,探讨了库区发展低碳循环生态农业的意义,提出了库区低碳循环生态农业发展的一般模式及减少农业生产碳排放的五种对策,即推广免耕法、稻田水旱轮作,适度排水放干、发展以沼气为核心的农村新能源系统、发展高效生态循环种养农业和培育新型农民。     

安徽省土地利用/覆被变化的碳排放效应分析

在前人研究成果的基础上,运用碳排放估算模型,计算安徽省在21世纪前10年里土地利用/覆被变化的碳排放效应.结果表明,研究区陆地生态系统整体上表现出碳汇效应,2000、2005、2010年净碳汇总量分别为13 116万、15 138万、11 559万t;林地为最大碳汇,建设用地为主要碳源;植树造林背景下区域碳汇功能显著提升并维持稳定,表现为能源消费碳排放形式的建设用地碳排放量与日俱增.     

我国典型茶区化学氮肥施用与生产运输过程的温室气体排放量估算

基于相关统计数据和文献调研方法,估算了我国14个典型茶区中化学氮肥施用、生产及运输过程中的温室气体排放量。结果表明,化学氮肥施用导致的土壤N₂O直接排放和生产过程中的温室气体排放是茶园化学氮肥消费带来的温室气体主要排放源;14个典型茶区消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量(以CO₂排放当量计算)为16.81~344.80万t·a^-1,其中贵州、云南、湖北和四川4省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量较高,均超过200万t·a^-1,占全部区域温室气体排放量的59.98%;单位面积温室气体排放量为3.22~9.76 t·hm^-2·a^-1,单位产量温室气体排放量为2.10~12.96 t·t^-1·a^-1、单位产值温室气体排放量0.39~1.90 t·万元^-1·a^-1;总体而言,贵州、云南、湖北、湖南和四川5省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量、单位面积温室气体排放量、单位产量温室气体排放量和单位产值温室气体排放量较高,福建、河南省及重庆市3个茶区相对较低。在茶园化学氮肥施用量控制为300 kg·hm^-2和450 kg·hm^-2两种情景下,茶园生态系统温室气体减排总量为617.07万t·a^-1和228.94万t·a^-1,减排潜力为34.12%和12.66%,减排潜力较大的区域主要有湖北、四川、贵州、湖南和江西等5省。     

黑龙江省工业SO2排放与经济发展关系演变及成因分析

经济与环境协调发展是建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的核心内容。通过对1981-2006年黑龙江省工业SO2排放与经济发展之间动态关系的分析,结果表明:1981年以来黑龙江省工业SO2排放量经历了先减后升的过程,排放强度显著下降,主要来源于能源生产、造纸及纸制品、非金属矿物制品等制造业部门,资源型城市的排放量占全省工业SO2排放量的50%以上,而综合性工业城市则占到1/3左右。EKC模型对工业SO2排放与人均GDP之间关系的模拟结果表明,二者之间呈现较为典型的U型关系。分解分析结果显示,规模效应、清洁技术效应是影响工业SO2排放的重要因素,其中清洁技术效应对工业SO2减排目标的实现具有决定性控制作用。