石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值及有效养分含量的影响

采用室内培养法,设置不施生石灰和生石灰用量0.3、0.9、1.8、2.4、4.8 g/kg,共6个用量梯度,研究不同生石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值动态变化、有效养分含量的影响及土壤pH值与有效养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,生石灰的施入,可以显著提高土壤pH值,改善土壤酸度。培养到第90 d,生石灰用量4.8、2.4、1.8g/kg处理较对照分别提高了2.88、1.16和0.74个pH单位。施用生石灰对土壤全氮含量影响不大,但对土壤无机氮影响显著。生石灰用量在0~2.4 g/kg范围内,土壤硝态氮含量随生石灰用量的增加而显著增加,增幅为12.4%~146.8%,当生石灰用量2.4 g/kg时,土壤硝态氮含量显著降低。土壤铵态氮的变化趋势则刚好相反,随着生石灰用量的增加而减少;土壤有效磷含量随着生石灰用量的增加先升高后降低;对于土壤速效钾来说,当生石灰用量0.9 g/kg,其含量随着石灰用量的增加而显著降低,降幅为2.9%~21.7%。施用生石灰可以显著提高土壤有效Ca含量,且随生石灰用量的增加而显著增加,增幅为32.3%~543.0%。生石灰的施用显著降低了土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量,且当生石灰用量≥2.4 g/kg时,土壤有效Mn、Zn含量均已处于极其缺乏的状况。土壤pH值与土壤全氮、铵态氮、速效钾、有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn呈显著线性负相关,与有效Ca呈极显著线性正相关,与土壤硝态氮、有效磷和有效Mg则符合二次函数,各相关系数均达到极显著水平。土壤养分与土壤酸度有着较好的相关性,在施用石灰改良酸性土壤时,要特别注意其施用量及土壤有效Mn、Zn等微量元素的及时补充。     

Impact of effective microorganisms and other biofertilizers on soil microbial characteristics,organic‐matter decomposition,and plant growth

Incubation and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of commercially distributed biofertilizers (effective microorganisms [EM], BIOSTIMULATOR, BACTOFIL‐A, and BACTOFIL‐B) on soil microbial‐biomass content and activity, net N mineralization in soil, and growth of Lolium perenne. According to the manufacturers, the products tested are based on microbial inoculants or organic growth stimulants, and are supposed to influence soil microbial properties and improve soil conditions, organic‐matter decomposition, and plant growth. In the incubation experiment (40 d, 20.6°C, 50% maximum water‐holding capacity), EM was repeatedly applied to soil together with different organic amendments (nonamended, chopped straw, and lupine seed meal). Under the experimental conditions of this study, no or only marginal effects of EM on organic C, total N, and mineral N in soil could be observed. In soil treatments without any organic amendment, EM suspension slightly enhanced microbial activity measured as soil CO₂ evolution. In soil with easily degradable plant residues (lupine seed meal), EM suspension had a suppressive effect on microbial biomass. However, comparisons with sterilized EM and molasses as the main additive in EM suspension showed that any effect of EM could be explained as a pure substrate effect without the influence of added living organisms. In the pot experiment with Lolium perenne (air‐conditioned greenhouse cabin, 87 d, 16.8°C, 130 klxh d^–1 light quantity), the products EM, BIOSTIMULATOR, BACTOFIL‐A, and BACTOFIL‐B were tested in soil with growing plants. The products were repeatedly applied for a period of 42 d. Within this study, no effects of the different biofertilizers on mineral N in soil were detectable. There were clear suppressive effects of all tested biofertilizers on microbial‐biomass content and activity. Comparisons with sterilized suspensions showed that the effects were not due to living microorganisms in the suspensions, but could be traced back to substrate‐induced processes.     

稻谷烘干过程中的水分扩散特性与品质特性

为深入研究稻谷高效均匀化烘干过程中的水分扩散与质量转变耦合特性,该文测定了玉香油粘稻谷经50、65、80℃分别烘干时的水分有效扩散系数;检测了以上3种温度分别烘干稻谷的色差、籽粒颖壳断面孔隙率与分形维数及玻璃化转变温度,考察了已烘干稻谷的含水率、硬度、爆腰率、发芽率等过程品质差异。结果表明:玉香油粘稻谷烘干过程的有效水分扩散系数为3.576×10-8e15 684/Tm2/s;随烘干温度增加,籽粒颖壳断面的孔隙率由鲜谷的0.39±0.06依次降为0.22±0.09、0.17±0.04、0.13±0.05,但烘干稻谷的分形维数、色差、玻璃化转变温度则较其鲜谷波动增加;已烘干稻谷的含水率、硬度、爆腰率、发芽率组间差异显著(P0.05)。50℃烘干稻谷的爆腰率、发芽率性能优,宜选为稻谷烘干常用工艺温度,研究结果为稻谷高效均化烘干提供了理论与基础数据参考。     

农地整治项目农户有效参与的影响机理

[目的]研究农地整治项目农户有效参与的影响机理,为政府国土部门制定提高农户有效参与的激励政策提供依据与参考。[方法]运用分位数回归以及反事实分位数分解模型,基于湖北省15个县(市、区)的26个农地整治项目的样本数据,分析农户有效参与的影响机理,同时探究丘陵工程模式区与岗前平原模式区农户有效参与的差异及成因。[结果](1)从整体情况看,参与能力的增强,参与机会的增加,以及参与动力的提升对提高农户有效参与度均有着重要的影响。(2)从不同区域农户有效参与差异来看,由参与能力造成的特征差异解释了农户有效参与度差异的绝大部分,但是由参与机会和参与动力造成的地域系数差异同样农户有效参与中不可忽略的影响因素。[结论]参与能力的增强,参与机会的增加,参与动力的提升对农户有效参与度均有重要的影响;同时政府国土部门应结合不同区域农地整治项目的实际开展情况,有针对性地制定相关激励政策,以期改善各地农地整治项目中农户有效参与的情况。     

Effect of effective microorganism and gypsum amendments on nutrient leaching,pH, electrical conductivity,and Okra growth parameters under coastal saline soil

Nutrients losses through leaching are the main problem facing coastal saline soil. Effective microorganisms (EM) and Gypsum (G) at the application rate of 5%G and 10%G by weight were used as soil amendments. The pot experiment aimed to improve the leaching of nitrate (NO₃), ammonium (NH₄) and total nitrogen (TN) on the coastal saline soil. The EM+ 5%G treatment effectively reduced the content of NO₃ and NH₄ in the leachate by 86.59% and 68.18%, respectively. EM treatment reduced the leaching of NO₃ and NH₄ by 70.86% and 62.12% and EM+ 10%G reduced NO₃ and NH₄ by 11.80% and 50.76%, respectively. Moreover, the content of TN in leachate was reduced up to 13.23%, 5.80%, and 2.67% in response to EM, EM+ 5%G, and EM+ 10%G, respectively, compared to the control. These results indicate that EM combined with G as soil amendments can reduce leaching of nutrients and further support the regulation of a coastal saline soil pH and EC.     

施肥对早稻品质的影响

为研究施肥对早稻品质的影响,2000~2001年在芦溪县分别进行了N、K不同施肥量和不同施肥方式对早稻赣早籼48与早稻香两优68品质影响的研究。结果表明:出糙率、精米率和蛋白质含量都随着施N量增加而增加,直链淀粉含量随N肥用量增加而略有减少趋势;精米率、整精米率、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量随着K肥用量增加而增加;中N(150kg/hm2)、高K(135kg/hm2)处理互作效应最大,比较适合当地优质早稻赣早籼48施用。施肥方式以生物有机肥配合化肥全层施肥,中后期补施穗肥的出糙率、精米率、整精米率和稻米的蛋白质含量都能提高,直链淀粉含量降低。     

不同灌溉方式下冬小麦穗部性状与产量关系的试验研究

采用田间试验,以豫麦69为试验材料,研究了不同水分处理下常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌的冬小麦产量与穗部性状的相互关系。结果表明,同常规灌溉方式相比,一体化垄作沟灌方式下,冬小麦的穗粒数、籽粒质量及产量分别增加了5.5356%、7.5489%、7.7454%,但穗数减少了0.4302%。常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌方式下,产量与穗数、穗粒数以及籽粒质量均正相关,但一体化垄作沟灌方式下的相关系数较常规灌溉方式大。一体化垄作灌溉有利于改善农田小气候、发挥作物的边行优势和提高小麦产量。     

不同施肥时期对不同穗型水稻品种群体结构及产量的影响

通过不同施肥时期试验,研究不同施肥时期对不同穗型水稻品种群体结构及产量的影响。结果表明,穗数型品种牡丹江19群体结构、产量最佳的处理为分底肥、蘖肥和粒肥三次施入的处理,比其他处理增产17.9%～34.3%。穗重型品种系选1号群体结构、产量及产量构成因子最佳的处理为分底肥、蘖肥、穗肥和粒肥四次施入的处理,比其他处理增产8.3%～22.6%     

河南省土壤有效锌质量分数时空变异分析

为了分析河南省土壤养分变化,为河南省土壤施肥提供参考,运用GIS与地统计学相结合的方法,通过对比分析1982、2009年2个不同时期河南省土壤有效锌的含量,探讨20多年以来河南省土壤有效锌时空变异的规律。结果表明：2009年河南省有效锌质量分数比1982年增加了41.67%,2个时期土壤有效锌变异系数分别为29.1%和37.3%,变异程度均为中等变异,最优拟合模型为球状模型,具有中等的空间相关性。20多年来,河南省土壤有效锌含量只有北部地区呈减少趋势,其余地区大体呈现出不同程度的增加趋势,其中漯河市、驻马店市、信阳市增幅较大,焦作市、开封市减少较多,在农作物施肥、土壤管理等过程中,应及时控制有效锌元素含量的合理范围。     

CALCULATING SYSTEM FOR SECOND-ORDER EFFECT IN THE COLUMNS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES

This paper makes an analysis and comparison of the calculatingsystem for second-order effect in columns of reinforced concrete frames proposedby scholars at home and abroad,and the systems adopted by codes of manycountries.The focus is on explaining the conceptual error and deficiency in somemethods.After expounding the basic law of the second-order effect in framecolumns with different restraints,this paper suggests an improvement of thecalculating system for second-order effect in frame columns for China's DesignCode of Concrete Structures.