Genetically engineering better fungal biopesticides

Microbial insect pathogens offer an alternative means of pest control with the potential to wean us off our heavy reliance on chemical pesticides. Insect pathogenic fungi play an important natural role in controlling disease vectors and agricultural pests. Most commercial products employ Ascomycetes in the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria. However, their utilization has been limited by inconsistent field results as a consequence of sensitivity to abiotic stresses and naturally low virulence. Other naturally occurring biocontrol agents also face these hurdles to successful application, but the availability of complete genomes and recombinant DNA technologies have facilitated design of multiple fungal pathogens with enhanced virulence and stress resistance. Many natural and synthetic genes have been inserted into entomopathogen genomes. Some of the biggest gains in virulence have been obtained using genes encoding neurotoxic peptides, peptides that manipulate host physiology and proteases and chitinases that degrade the insect cuticle. Prokaryotes, particularly extremophiles, are useful sources of genes for improving entomopathogen resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These biological insecticides are environmentally friendly and cost‐effective insect pest control options. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

3种食用菌漆酶活性比较及其基因的克隆与序列分析

[目的]研究食用菌漆酶基因的差异以及漆酶的活性。[方法]利用编码杏鲍菇漆酶基因序列（GenbankNo．AY686700）设计特异性引物,采用PCR方法获得3种典型木腐食用菌（杏鲍菇、平菇、白灵菇）漆酶的基因序列。[结果]扩增得到的片段长度均为2606bp,通过对基因序列的内含子／外显子分析,获得漆酶编码区的cDNA,该基因的开放阅读框由1596个核苷酸组成,编码一个由531个氨基酸组成的多肽。3种食用茵漆酶基因的核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列同源性均为99．81％,说明漆酶的一级结构序列具有很高的保守性。[结论]序列的差异性、氨基酸跨膜区的不同及蛋白质的构象不同可能导致漆酶活性的高低。     

昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中对天敌生物的影响研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂,广泛应用于农林害虫的生物防治。由于寄主范围广和主动侵染的特点,昆虫病原真菌在侵染、致死靶标害虫的同时,对包括天敌昆虫在内的非靶标节肢动物等会产生潜在的致病或亚致死风险。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中的研究进展及对天敌生物的影响,并展望了昆虫病原真菌作为极具潜力的生物农药与天敌生物联合防治害虫的未来发展方向。     

东北地区土壤中高毒力虫生真菌菌株的筛选

为筛选具有应用价值的高毒力虫生真菌菌株,利用大蜡螟诱集土样中虫生真菌。结果表明:采自中国东北不同生态类型的36份土样中,每份土样3~4龄诱虫30头,14d共有454头感菌,其中克东腾家围子地区土样感菌率最高达80%。虫尸上分离纯化出301份菌株,其中多数为白僵菌,很少数为绿僵菌及其它菌株。其中的41份菌株进行了桃蚜和小菜蛾的室内生物测定,每菌株浓度为1.0×107孢子·mL-1,菌株JSJ-10、QG1-1、MBD-2、BEE-15、HYD-11、MLX-1和FN-9对桃蚜具高毒力,喷雾7d后的校正死亡率分别为96.6%、96.6%、96.1%、93.2%、92.8%、87.6%和82.8%;而绿僵菌菌株WMS-12、MBD-1对小菜蛾具高毒力,浸后5d试虫的校正死亡率分别为83.3%和69.3%。     

食用菌物理保鲜技术研究进展

食用菌兼具营养及药用价值,被全球公认为是良好的营养来源,其产品广受市场关注。食用菌的保鲜技术也在进一步发展之中。本文对食用菌物理保鲜技术进行综述,并进一步提出其发展趋势。     

High colonization by native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of rubber trees in small-holder plantations on low fertility soils in North East Thailand

Rubber tree is a very important crop in Thailand, representing an essential source of income for farmers. In the past two decades, rubber tree plantations have been greatly expanding in unfavorable areas, where climate conditions are difficult and soil fertility is very poor. To optimize latex yields, mineral fertilizers have been widely used. A better understanding of the roles of the biological compartment in soil fertility is essential to determine alternative management practices to sustain soil fertility and optimize latex yields. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely recognized as beneficial for plants, mainly through their role in improving plant nutrient uptake. The objective of this study was to assess the AMF populations in rubber tree plantations and the impact of both soil characteristics and plantation age on these communities. Our results showed that all rubber trees were highly colonized, regardless of the soil structure and nutrient contents. AMF colonization was not affected by the age of the trees, suggesting that maintaining the symbiosis is likely to be beneficial at all stages. A better understanding and management of the microbial communities would contribute to maintaining or restoring soil fertility, leading to a better tree growth and optimized latex yield.     

梨菇的化学成分分析

对江西赣南北部林区的野生裂菇进行了化学成分分析，结果表明，它含金属元素15种、粗蛋白含量达27．52％、氨基酸含量达23．98％，是一种很优秀的野生食用菌。     

小蠹虫与真菌共生关系的研究进展

从小蠹虫与真菌共生的类型、小蠹虫贮菌器结构、小蠹虫与真菌共生机制和协同进化等方面对小蠹虫与真菌关系的研究进展进行了评述,并讨论了小蠹虫与真菌关系的发展趋势.     

河南省食用菌科技推广存在的问题及对策

综合分析了河南省食有菌科技推广中存在的生产经营缺乏宏观引导，科技推广存在自发性和盲目性，体制不协调和食用菌生产本身的不可控因素较多等问题，提出了加强宏观引导，微观调控，建立健全食用菌行业管理，食用菌龙头企业建设，开发建设规模生产基地等具体措施，为食用菌的产业化大发展提供了参考依据。     

The Effect of a Substrate Containing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizosphere Microorganisms (Trichoderma,Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces) and Foliar Fertilization on Growth Response and Rhizosphere pH of Three Strawberry Cultivars

Abstract

Vegetatively propagated plants of three strawberry cultivars-‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Kent’-were grown for 20 weeks in rhizoboxes filled with 1.85 kg of sterilized mineral soil. Ten plants were treated with an N-P-K foliar fertilizer (F, control), or inoculated with a substrate containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma viride and rhizosphere bacteria (PGPR-Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) without any fertilization (M), or inoculated with the mixture of microorganisms and treated with the foliar fertilizer (MF). Total plant biomass was increased by the M treatment in all cultivars. M treatment resulted in higher total root length and number of root tips in ‘Senga Sengana’, whereas the other two cultivars showed different responses of root morphology. Shoot/root ratio was decreased by the M and MF treatments in comparison with control plants. Foliar fertilization of inoculated plants caused different growth responses in the three cultivars and a general decrease of root growth. After the MF treatment, the biomass of ‘Senga Sengana’ increased and the biomass of ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Kent’ decreased. Inoculation with the mycorrhiza-PGPR substrate increased rhizosphere pH irrespective of foliar fertilization. Plant mineral content was highly modified by the treatments in all the cultivars examined. In particular, changes were noted in N, P, K, Fe, B and Mn uptake. The results show an interaction between foliar fertilization and root inoculation with microorganisms, as well as genotype-dependent influences, on growth responses and rhizosphere pH of strawberry plants.