精准农业的作用及发展现状概述

全面概括精准农业的定义、内涵及主要技术体系,探讨其在农业生产中发挥的主要作用,介绍国内外精准农业的发展历程及研究应用现状,展望我国精准农业的发展方向,为促进我国精准农业快速发展提供理论参考。     

民族混居地区社区经济发展的现状与对策——以楚雄市苍岭镇李家村汉、回、彝族混居为例

如何实现多民族混居地区经济社会和谐发展,走出一条具有自己民族特色和地域特色的科学发展之路,是当前多民族混居地区面临的重大理论和现实问题。以李家村汉、回、彝族混居的居住区为例,对李家村多民族混居地经济社会发展存在的问题进行探讨,并给出了几条可行性建议。     

陕西省丹汉江流域土壤侵蚀经济损失分析

【目的】分析陕西省丹汉江流域土壤侵蚀的经济损失,为水土流失状况评价提供参考。【方法】利用环境经济学的原理,采用市场价值法、机会成本法和影子工程法等,结合最新调查数据,对陕西省丹汉江流域土壤侵蚀造成的经济损失进行估算。【结果】陕西省丹汉江流域每年土壤侵蚀经济损失为112.884亿元。土壤养分流失损失、土壤水分流失损失、土地废弃损失和泥沙滞留、淤积损失分别占96.028%,0.589%,1.528%和1.855%。单位水土流失面积的土壤侵蚀经济损失为42.97万元/km2。各市单位水土流失面积的土壤侵蚀经济损失大小依次为安康市>商洛市>汉中市>宝鸡市>西安市。强度损失的县(区)主要集中在2个区域,即汉江源头的宁强县、略阳县和汉江中游的安康市大部及丹江上游的镇安县、山阳县。【结论】单位水土流失面积的土壤侵蚀经济损失与土壤侵蚀模数之间具有显著相关性,可以作为评价水土流失状况的一个直观、重要的指标。     

四种重要实蝇类害虫对福建省造成的经济损失评估

实蝇类害虫是世界性检疫害虫,对福建省农作物造成为害的主要包含橘小实蝇、南亚寡鬃实蝇、瓜实蝇、具条实蝇4种。这4种实蝇类害虫给福建省水果、蔬菜带来较为严重的经济损失,并且由于防治过程中农药的使用,造成生态环境问题。本研究选取实蝇类害虫为害较为严重的福建省主要水果和蔬菜作为研究对象,从直接经济损失、防治费用和间接经济损失3个层面建立评估模型,并对2016年4种实蝇类害虫造成的经济损失进行评估,旨在通过评估经济损失情况,为今后防治政策的制定提供思路。研究结果显示,这4种实蝇类害虫对福建省造成的经济损失约为313.48亿元,其中直接经济损失约为221.74亿元,防治费用约为84.24亿元,间接经济损失约为7.5亿元。最后,本研究提出了重视有害生物灾情评估、完善经济损失评价方法,开展农户专业培训、提升防控技术水平,加强环境规制力度、发展绿色生态农业等政策建议。     

论乡村产业振兴*

当前,全国上下正在全力推进乡村振兴战略的实施。乡村振兴,产业兴旺是重点。如何实现乡村产业振兴、产业兴旺？这是值得研究的紧迫而现实的重要问题。本文首先分析了乡村产业振兴在乡村振兴战略中的地位与作用,认为：乡村产业振兴是乡村振兴的物质基础；乡村产业振兴是乡村振兴的首要目标；乡村产业振兴是乡村振兴的重要内容；乡村产业振兴是乡村振兴的突出标志；乡村产业振兴是乡村振兴的内生动力。其次,对新中国成立70年来我国乡村产业发展的历程进行了简要回顾,并将其划分为4个发展阶段：第一阶段：1949~1977年,传统产业缓慢发展；第二阶段：1978~2000年,乡镇企业异军突起；第三阶段：2001~2011年,新型产业不断涌现；第四阶段：2012年至今,乡村产业绿色“转型”。 第三,指出了当前我国乡村产业存在的突出问题,即：产业门类少、生产规模小、产业层次浅、产业链条短、生产效率低、特色产业弱、品牌产业缺、产业环境差、产品质量低和缺乏竞争力。最后,针对上述存在的问题,提出了实施乡村振兴战略,实现乡村产业振兴,要遵循以下6大原则：“三农”并重原则、“三效”并举原则、“三产”融合原则、城乡共进原则、因地制宜原则和循序渐进原则,并采取10项具体措施：(1)制定战略规划；(2)改造传统产业；(3)发展新兴产业；(4)延长产业链条；(5)拓展农业功能；(6)打造产业品牌；(7)优化生态环境；(8)鼓励返乡创业；(9)培养乡村人才；(10)强化组织领导。     

经济新常态下竹产业发展对策思考——-以安吉为例

浙江安吉位居"中国十大竹子之乡"之首。安吉竹产业在全国竹产业中具有重要地位,并在保护生态环境、帮助山区农民增收致富、推进新农村建设中发挥着极其重要的作用。文章对安吉竹产业发展情况进行了回顾总结,分析了竹产业发展中存在的问题,并结合经济新常态下的发展要求,提出安吉竹产业发展的对策,以期为浙江省竹产业的转型升级提供借鉴。     

不同灌溉方式下温室番茄水分利用率及经济效益研究

通过田间试验,研究了不同灌溉方式(滴灌、沟灌)及施肥量(氮-磷-钾用量为800-450-975、640-450-780 kg/hm2)对番茄水分利用率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,在番茄整个生育期,同一灌溉方式下土壤含水率分布趋势相似;随着番茄生育期的延长,不同灌溉方式间土壤含水率差距逐渐增大;以100 cm为界,上下土层含水率差异较大。各处理番茄果实产量并无明显差异,不同灌溉方式下番茄水分利用效率(WUE)差异达显著水平(P0.05),且滴灌显著高于沟灌。各处理经济效益差异明显,滴灌方式下经济效益明显高于沟灌。综合番茄水分利用率和当季经济效益,并考虑长远利益,"滴灌+推荐施肥"在生产中值得推荐。     

生态园林建设与扬州历史文化和经济社会发展

园林与扬州历史文化和经济社会密切相关。园林建设发展了历史文化名城扬州,推动了扬州经济社会发展。生态园林建设是扬州历史文化名城保护及现代经济社会可持续发展的重要基石。扬州在大力建设生态园林中,宜特别注意依法治林,突出文化特色,尊重自然规律,以人为本,城乡联动,规范管理,科技兴林。     

Commercial cash crop production and households’ economic welfare: Evidence from the pulse farmers in rural China

Whether promoting cash crop production can increase household welfare has long been the focus of the food policy debate. This study first investigated the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming. It then examined how households’ commercial pulse production improves their economic welfare. We used a dataset of 848 households collected from 2018 to 2019 to estimate the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming by the Heckman two-step model. The endogenous treatment regression (ETR) method was employed to examine the impact of commercial pulse farming on household economic welfare. The results showed that factors such as market purchase prices, agricultural technology services, farmers’ access to loans, and government subsidies promoted smallholders’ commercial pulse farming; production costs and perceptions of climate change risks constrained smallholders’ commercial pulse production. Overall, commercial pulse production has increased household farm income but there was a limited impact on household off-farm income. Our findings suggest that policies aiming to increase households’ cash crop production and market access could significantly improve the economic welfare of pulse farmers.     

Modeling amino acid requirements of poultry

Poultry nutritionists should constantly evaluate their feeds and feeding programs in view of the changes that continue to be made to the potential growth rate of broilers and egg production in laying hens with the objective of providing the birds with the optimum economic level of nutrients at all times. In this review, the models generated at Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal, to estimate the optimum intake of amino acids (AA) for broilers and laying hens are presented. These models were used to estimate the variation in AA intake within a broiler population making use of coefficients of variation that represent the real situation in a commercial broiler operation. The range of AA intakes obtained was compared to some commonly applied feeding programs and recommendations. Based on results of our developed models and other feeding programs, feeds were formulated and growth was predicted using a growth simulation model (Avinesp). The prediction of growth showed that these models are reliable and useful tools to assist the nutritionists in decision making. In a study with laying hens, the Reading model (RM) was used to establish optimum economic AA intakes in a flock of hens. The input variables were the means and standard deviations of egg output and BW, and the relationship between the marginal cost of the AA and the marginal revenue for eggs. Based on this model, the optimum intake of each AA can vary with each of the variables considered. The models proposed in our study enable important decisions to be made regarding AA intakes to be used to obtain optimum economic performance from a population of broilers and laying hens.