Microbial responses to organic and inorganic amendments in eroded soil

The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in microbial biomass carbon, litter decomposition, microbial abundance and the soil's physical and chemical properties after poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer application in soil‐eroded areas. Four plots measuring 10 m × 10 m, located on approximately the same slope, were established in the study area. Plot 1 (P1) was an eroded plot without any treatment; Plot 2 (P2) was treated with poultry manure (N:P:K ratio of 1:0.8:0·39); Plot 3 (P3) was treated with inorganic mineral fertilizer (NPK 10:10:10); and Plot 4 (P4) was an undisturbed area (no erosion occurred). The one‐time amendments used in this study significantly increased the soil's water‐holding capacity, pH, and the total carbon and nitrogen content, but soil moisture content was not influenced by any amendment. The biomass carbon was increased 3·2‐ and 2·9‐times by the poultry manure and the NPK fertilizer amendments respectively, but the values did not reach the same level as the undisturbed area. The Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, cellulase‐producers and amylase‐producers responded positively to the additives, which was shown by an abrupt increase in their abundance. Microbial biomass carbon and abundance were shown to be closely correlated with the soil's carbon and nitrogen content. None of the amendments, on the other hand, affected the rate of litter decomposition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

C fractionation at the root-microorganisms-soil interface: A review and outlook for partitioning studies

Natural variations of the ¹³C/¹²C ratio have been frequently used over the last three decades to trace C sources and fluxes between plants, microorganisms, and soil. Many of these studies have used the natural-¹³C-labelling approach, i.e. natural δ¹³C variation after C₃-C₄ vegetation changes. In this review, we focus on ¹³C fractionation in main processes at the interface between roots, microorganisms, and soil: root respiration, microbial respiration, formation of dissolved organic carbon, as well as microbial uptake and utilization of soil organic matter (SOM). Based on literature data and our own studies, we estimated that, on average, the roots of C₃ and C₄ plants are ¹³C enriched compared to shoots by +1.2 ± 0.6‰ and +0.3 ± 0.4‰, respectively. The CO₂ released by root respiration was ¹³C depleted by about −2.1 ± 2.2‰ for C₃ plants and −1.3 ± 2.4‰ for C₄ plants compared to root tissue. However, only a very few studies investigated ¹³C fractionation by root respiration. This urgently calls for further research. In soils developed under C₃ vegetation, the microbial biomass was ¹³C enriched by +1.2 ± 2.6‰ and microbial CO₂ was also ¹³C enriched by +0.7 ± 2.8‰ compared to SOM. This discrimination pattern suggests preferential utilization of ¹³C-enriched substances by microorganisms, but a respiration of lighter compounds from this fraction. The δ¹³C signature of the microbial pool is composed of metabolically active and dormant microorganisms; the respired CO₂, however, derives mainly from active organisms. This discrepancy and the preferential substrate utilization explain the δ¹³C differences between microorganisms and CO₂ by an ‘apparent’ ¹³C discrimination. Preferential consumption of easily decomposable substrates and less negative δ¹³C values were common for substances with low C/N ratios. Preferential substrate utilization was more important for C₃ soils because, in C₄ soils, microbial respiration strictly followed kinetics, i.e. microorganisms incorporated heavier C (? = +1.1‰) and respired lighter C (? = −1.1‰) than SOM. Temperature and precipitation had no significant effect on the ¹³C fractionation in these processes in C₃ soils. Increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation led, however, to increasing δ¹³C of soil C pools.Based on these ¹³C fractionations we developed a number of consequences for C partitioning studies using ¹³C natural abundance. In the framework of standard isotope mixing models, we calculated CO₂ partitioning using the natural-¹³C-labelling approach at a vegetation change from C₃ to C₄ plants assuming a root-derived fraction between 0% and 100% to total soil CO₂. Disregarding any ¹³C fractionation processes, the calculated results deviated by up to 10% from the assumed fractions. Accounting for ¹³C fractionation in the standard deviations of the C₄ source and the mixing pool did not improve the exactness of the partitioning results; rather, it doubled the standard errors of the CO₂ pools. Including ¹³C fractionations directly into the mass balance equations reproduced the assumed CO₂ partitioning exactly. At the end, we therefore give recommendations on how to consider ¹³C fractionations in research on carbon flows between plants, microorganisms, and soil.     

蚯蚓分子生物标志物在土壤氯代苯胺类污染评价中的应用研究

采用紫外分光光度法测定DNA加合物的形成及Western-Blot技术检测蚯蚓热休克蛋白70（HSP70）的表达,研究了蚯蚓DNA加合物和HSP70作为分子生物标志物在土壤氯代苯胺化合物污染评价中的应用。DNA加合实验的结果表明,随着3,4-二氯苯胺浓度的增加（0.77、1.55、3.10 mg.mL-1）,特征吸收峰的位移发生显著改变,交联率呈现负相关;Western-Blot检测结果表明,3,4-二氯苯胺处理后蚯蚓HSP70表达增加,与空白组比较有显著性差异。     

新烟碱类和阿维菌素类药剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应

为评价农药对蚯蚓的生态风险提供基础数据,采用滤纸法和人工土壤法测定了新烟碱类和阿维菌素类药剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应。滤纸法测定结果表明,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、烯啶虫胺、氯噻啉和噻虫啉5种新烟碱类药剂对蚯蚓的LC50值范围为0.0089（0.0075～0.010）μg·cm^-2～0.44（0.34～0.56）μg·cm^-2（48h结果）,噻虫嗪对蚯蚓的LC50值在24h和48h均大于62.91μg·cm^-2;阿维菌素、依维菌素和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐3种阿维菌素类药剂对蚯蚓的LC50值范围为4.52（3.71～5.50）μg·cm^-2～22.76（18.68～27.73）μg·cm^-2（48h结果）。人工土壤法测定结果表明,5种新烟碱类药剂（除噻虫嗪外）对蚯蚓的LC50值范围为1.54（1.43～1.71）mg·kg^-1～17.29（16.44～19.41）mg·kg^-1（14d结果）,噻虫嗪对蚯蚓的LC50值在第7d和14d均大于1200mg·kg^-1;3种阿维菌素类药剂对蚯蚓的LC50值范围为27.93（26.04～29.81）mg·kg^-1～175.33（162.82～188.91）mg·kg^-1（14d结果）。根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,吡虫啉、啶虫脒和烯啶虫胺对蚯蚓属于中毒级,其他的药剂对蚯蚓属于低毒级。     

Does the Intensity of Anisakis Infection Affect the Quality of Hake Muscle?

The distribution of Anisakis larvae in fresh caught hake was studied, and the influence of three infection levels of the viscera (low, medium, high) on quality changes of deep frozen muscle was followed over 220 days. Differences in quality were attributed more to the size of the individuals than to the infection degree of the three groups. The removal of belly flaps diminished the risk of consumers’ infection and sensitization as prevalence and intensity was reduced to 75.6 and 5.9%, respectively. Allergens were detected after 220 days frozen storage, which represents a risk for consumers already allergic to Anisakis.     

蚯蚓林地处理造纸污泥试验

为了更好地寻求公司造纸污泥的新出路和解决林地有机肥料的来源问题,通过在杨树林地内利用蚯蚓处理造纸污泥,研究了处理60天后3个混合污泥及林地土壤养分的变化情况,以及处理1年和2年后对林木生长的影响。结果表明：蚯蚓处理60天后,3种混合污泥有机质和总P比处理前分别减少11%~47%和60%~90%,而总N和总K分别增加50%~200%和43%~179%。不同土层土壤有机质均提高7%~42%;上中层速效N提高2%~22%,下层减少21%~83%;上层速效P提高31%~51%,中下层减少20%~49%;pH值均略有升高,但前后差异不大。处理1年后,E2（老好氧污泥72%+苇渣28%）的杨树单株材积生长量和胸径生长量均为最大,分别为0.0047 m³和4.7 cm,分别比对照提高了155%和47%。处理2年后,E2的杨树单株材积生长量和胸径生长量仍为最大,分别为0.0248 m³和9.1 cm,分别比对照提高了243%和47%。因此,处理E2对杨树的生长最为有利。3种处理中,E3（新好氧污泥72%+苇渣20%+脱墨污泥8%）的蚯蚓个体生长最好,E1（新好氧污泥72%+苇渣28%）的产茧率最高;蚯蚓处理污泥过程中,产茧主要集中在0~10 cm这一层。     

转Bt基因作物对土壤动物的影响

转Bt基因作物是将Bt基因加以修饰后导入作物中,使作物获得抗虫性的这类农作物的总称。转Bt基因作物商品化种植取得显著经济效益的同时,其释放的Bt毒蛋白对土壤动物的影响也日趋受到关注。Bt基因表达的外源蛋白能通过根系分泌物、作物残茬、花粉传播等多条途径进入土壤,并与土壤中的活性粒子相结合,结合后的蛋白更难被土壤生物和酶降解,从而在土壤中富集,对土壤动物产生潜在风险。综述了几类转Bt基因作物种植对几种主要土壤动物蚯蚓、线虫、跳虫等影响的最新研究进展,以期为转Bt基因作物生态风险评价提供参考。     

不同施肥方式对紫色土农田土壤动物主要类群的影响

【目的】长期施肥可改变植物残体、根系分泌物等有机物输入土壤的种类和数量,间接使土壤动物群落组成发生改变。本研究旨在分析紫色土区不同施肥方式对土壤动物主要类群的影响及土壤动物主要类群与土壤因子之间的相互关系,探讨土壤动物主要类群对农田土壤肥力特征响应的敏感程度。【方法】以中国科学院盐亭紫色土农业生态试验站长期施肥试验田为研究取样点,采用改良干漏斗法（Modified Tullgren）、湿漏斗法（Baermann）和手拣法对紫色土农田6种施肥方式,即对照处理（CK）、常规施肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（OM,猪粪）、有机肥-化肥配施（OMNPK）、秸秆还田（RSD）和秸秆-化肥配施（RSDNPK）的线虫、蚯蚓和甲螨进行调查,并对土壤性质进行分析。运用相关分析、多元回归分析和典型相关分析研究土壤动物主要类群个体数量与土壤因子之间的关系。【结果】有机-无机肥配施（OMNPK、RSDNPK）中土壤线虫、蚯蚓和甲螨的个体数量显著高于常规施肥NPK（P＜0.05）。土壤线虫、蚯蚓和甲螨的总个体数在秸秆还田施肥方式（RSD、RSDNPK）中最高,其中RSDNPK施肥方式中总个体数显著高于其他施肥方式（P＜0.05）。统计分析显示,土壤线虫、蚯蚓和甲螨个体数量与土壤有机质（SOM）、土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、土壤微生物量氮（MBN）和速效钾（AK）相关性显著（P＜0.05）。土壤线虫、蚯蚓和甲螨个体数量分别解释了土壤肥力差异的78.03%、80.82%和50.86%,较好的解释了土壤肥力主要因子的变化,在一定程度上可以指示土壤肥力特征。【结论】有机肥的添加有助于线虫、蚯蚓和甲螨的生存和发展,有机-无机肥合理配施对3类土壤动物的个体数量有促进作用,尤其是秸秆与化肥的合理配施能显著提高土壤动物总个体数。3类主要土壤动物可以指示一定的土壤肥力特征（有机质含量）,但不能量化土壤肥力综合特征。     

海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区近10年珊瑚礁鱼类种类分布及多样性探讨

根据2004—2013年海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类监控数据,利用截线样条法、分类学多样性指数、相对丰富度及相似性指数等方法技术对海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类种类组成及生物多样性进行研究。结果显示,海南东岸、南岸浅水礁区近10年调查珊瑚礁鱼类共计6目32 科64属130种,其中鲈形目居绝对优势;珊瑚礁鱼类密度大致呈现由南向北逐渐递减的趋势;科级多样性平均值为4.41,属级多样性指数平均值为3.09,标准化的G-F指数平均值为0.30;鲈形目珊瑚礁鱼类相对丰富度占有绝对优势,相对丰富度较高的6个科分别为雀鲷科、隆头鱼科、蝴蝶鱼科、天竺鲷科、四齿鲀科及玻甲鱼科;珊瑚礁鱼类在目级极为相似,相似性指数在0.86～1之间;科、属、种级相似性指数较低,均在0.5以下,通过Jaccard's种类相似性指数分析,海南岛东岸、南岸珊瑚礁鱼类种类较多,物种丰富。珊瑚礁鱼体长范围6～10 cm区间的数量最多,其次为0 ～5 cm区间,21～40 cm区间的珊瑚礁鱼类在浅水礁区分布极少。本研究通过对海南岛东岸、南岸浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类近10 a的种类分布及多样性进行探讨,旨在为海南岛珊瑚礁生态系统及珊瑚礁鱼类保护与研究提供基础数据及理论依据。     

1999—2011年东、黄海鲐资源丰度年间变化分析

根据1999—2011年我国鲐大型灯光围网渔业数据,使用广义线性模型(generalized linear model,GLM)和广义加性模型(generalized additive model,GAM)估算了影响CPUE的时间(年、月)、空间(经度、纬度)、捕捞性能和环境效应[海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、海表面高度、海表面叶绿素浓度],并以年效应作为资源丰度指数,分析了东、黄海鲐资源丰度的年间变化,东、黄海鲐资源丰度指数的年间变化与产卵场海表面温度以及捕捞强度间的关系。GAM结果表明,时间、空间、捕捞和环境变量对CPUE偏差的解释率为11.69%,其中变量年的解释率最大,占总解释率的38%。结果显示,1999—2011年东、黄海鲐鱼资源丰度指数(abundance index,AI)总体上呈下降趋势,2008年以来更是持续下降,丰度指数由2008年的1.22降至2011年的0.82。东、黄海鲐资源丰度指数年间与产卵场呈正相关,关系式为AI=-3.51+0.23SST(P0.05),这表明较高的产卵场SST对鲐资源量增加有利。过高的渔获量以及我国群众围网渔业渔船数量的快速增长是导致近年来鲐鱼资源下降的重要原因。