基于分形理论的汽油机富氧燃烧模型

阐述了湍流的分形特征,应用分形理论计算了湍流燃烧速度和质量燃烧率,分析了富氧燃烧时未燃混合气密度的计算方法。借助VB语言编制计算程序,进行了计算与实验对比分析。探讨了将分形理论应用到发动机富氧燃烧模型中的可行性。     

Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.     

草地净第一性生产力估算的研究进展

草地净第一性生产力(NPP)是全球变化与陆地生态系统研究的核心内容之一。草地NPP的模拟方法从站点实测法、统计模型发展到了机理性的过程模型,NPP的站点实测数据为统计模型和过程模型模拟结果提供参考。统计模型通过NPP和温度、降雨等气候因子或者直接与遥感获得的植被指数建立统计关系计算NPP;过程模型从机理上对植物的生物生理过程进行模拟并能够对NPP的影响因子进行分析,主要过程包括了光合作用、生长和维持呼吸、蒸散、氮吸收和释放、光合物质分配与分解,和季相变化等。遥感过程模型通过遥感手段获得地表覆盖状况、植被冠层结构变量值(如LAI)、地表反射率、地表辐射温度及土壤水分状况等作为重要参数应用到模型中,改善了模拟结果的时空精度,成为当前草地生产力模型的主要研究方向。最后对遥感监测草地NPP研究中存在的问题进行了分析并提出了展望。     

宁夏盐池荒漠草原土壤种子库动态变化研究

研究宁夏盐池县荒漠草原牧草不同生长时期土壤种子库种子密度动态变化.结果表明牧草返青期,牧草生长发育期,牧草种子成熟期的种子库种子密度呈先下降后上升的动态变化.种子库种子平均发芽率为38.26%,且以单子叶种子数量居多,是双子叶数量的6.75倍.种子密度水平分布上以中坡和下坡较高,在垂直分布上随着土壤深度加深呈现减少的趋势.     

6-3-3并联机构逆动力学分析与仿真

建立了6自由度6-3-3并联机构逆运动学模型,基于刚体动力学牛顿-欧拉法推导出了该机构逆动力学方程组,并用矩阵QR分解方法求解了该动力学方程组,给出了逆动力学仿真程序开发思路并通过Matlab软件加以实现,通过空载和有载荷作用条件下的算例仿真和分析比较,验证了该动力学模型的正确性.     

滇池王家庄湖滨带人工湿地农业径流中磷去除的干湿季节性规律

王家庄人工湿地(面积12 000 m2)位于云南滇池东岸呈贡县,湿地进水来自5条农业区汇水干渠,经矩形堰均匀布水后流过湿地。湿地于2002年8月起运行,初期优势植物为茭草(Zizania latifolia)、芦苇(Phragmites communis Trin)、莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和水芋(Calla palustris),7个月后,莲藕完全被水花生所替代。采用现场采样及室内分析的方法,研究了湿地对农业径流中磷去除的季节性规律。结果表明,2002年10月至2004年6月,湿地具有良好的拦截进水磷的能力,有效降低了农业区农业径流对滇池的污染。进水总磷(TP)负荷为241(旱季,每年10月至翌年4月)和199(雨季,每年5月至9月)g.hm-.2d-1,TP浓度为0.04￣3.21(旱季)和0.00￣1.44(雨季)mg.L-1。出水TP浓度沿程1/3处为0.03￣0.49(旱季,每年11月至翌年4月)和0.03￣0.71(雨季,每年5月至10月)mg.L-1,沿程2/3处为0.00￣0.68(旱季)和0.00￣0.73(雨季)mg.L-1。TP去除率沿程1/3处为-73.7%￣82.8%(旱季)和-215%￣79.3%(雨季),沿程2/3处为-367%￣100%(旱季)和-262%￣93.1%(雨季)。受雨水稀释和停留时间变短的影响,雨季的TP去除率低于旱季。受滇池水位和湿地出水水位的影响,旱季时湿地TP的去除呈现“V”字型规律,雨季时湿地TP去除率沿程降低。总体而言,来水中的磷、有机质和速效铁以沿程逐渐降低的方式分布于湿地表层土壤中。秋末冬初时(每年11月至12月),菖蒲的含水率和生物量(鲜重)均比春季(每年3月至5月)的低,而生物量(干重)比春季的高。菖蒲从11月到12月仍在生长发育。     

油管式传感器车辆行驶称重系统算法研究

在分析油管式车辆动态称重系统工作原理和特性的基础上,建立了相应的称重系统称量数学模型;利用非线性最小二乘优化算法获得最小平方误差意义上的静载参数估计,同时根据前后油管信号的相关性实现了车速的精确测量和计算;并通过实车试验,验证该算法是可行的,且达到了较好的精度,为车辆超载检测提供了一种经济有效的手段。     

基于TM影像的黄陵县土地利用变化动态监测

以1987年和2002年两期TM影像为信息源,应用计算机自动识别分类与GIS空间分析相结合的方法,提取了黄陵县不同时期的土地利用现状信息及其动态变化。结果表明:研究区森林覆盖率高,林地占区域土地总面积的70%以上;耕地面积较小,占地比例不到7%。1987年至2002年,耕地和草地面积明显减少,园地增加突出,林地、居民点及工矿用地略有增长,其中面积变化最大的是耕地,减少111.13 km2;变化率最大的是园地,达到329.44%。     

新疆南部转基因棉区棉铃虫种群长期动态研究

（Bacillus thuringiensis）基因抗虫棉在新疆南部推广已超过10 a,为探索Bt棉大面积种植对棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）种群动态的影响,于1999-2010年使用诱虫灯监测了Bt棉大面积种植区域（麦盖提）和非Bt棉大面积种植区域（阿瓦提）棉铃虫的种群动态。结果表明：新疆南部地区20世纪90年代末发生棉铃虫害较重,2000-2004年种群数量保持较高水平;自2005年Bt棉大面积推广以后,Bt棉区棉铃虫的种群数量显著下降,棉铃虫种群数量随Bt棉种植比例的上升而下降（P<0.05）;]随着Bt棉大面积推广年数的增加,Bt棉区棉铃虫各代种群数量均逐渐下降,第二代种群数量和高峰期蛾量下降速率均较越冬代和第一代快,且第二代棉铃虫种群相对丰富度也逐渐下降。因此,新疆地区Bt棉的大面积种植能较好地控制棉铃虫的种群数量,而且对第二代棉铃虫种群的控制效果最好。     

Distribution and diversity of leaf-cutting ants in Northeastern Argentina: species most associated with forest plantations

Abstract

Leaf-cutting ants (LCA) are considered one of the main herbivores and one of the most destructive pest insects of the Neotropics. Northeastern Argentina harbors the greatest species richness of these ants and in turn comprises the highest surface with forest plantations. Our aim was to establish which species of leaf-cutting ants are most commonly associated with forest plantations by analyzing their geographic distribution using published and unpublished species occurrence data. Also, estimate their potential areas of distribution along a latitudinal gradient that entirely encompasses northeastern Argentina using Ecological Niche Modeling. Only seven of the 20 species recorded were strongly associated with productive systems along the gradient, but only 2–3 species in each region could be considered high-risk species for forest plantations. High-risk species composition shows a turnover between regions. Our models show the potential distribution areas where LCA could become more abundant and dominant, and possibly causing a detrimental effect on the forest plantations in the studied region. We find that ecological niche models are useful tools to assess the environmental suitability of important LCA.