我国麦/稻秸秆板工业的发展与思考

通过回顾我国秸秆板工业化生产的发展历程及现状,分析了目前秸秆板生产设备与工艺存在的问题和差距,从多个方面就我国今后秸秆人造板发展有待改进的方向提出建议.     

大小麦附加系的细胞学稳定性观察

对１Ａ，２Ａ，３Ａ，４Ａ，６Ａ及７Ａ等６个大小麦附加系的细胞学稳定性进行了观察。发现经两代繁殖后，其种子根尖细胞染色体有丢失现象。在减数分裂过程中，均观察到单价体、多价体、染色体断片、后期染色体落后、染色体桥及四分体微核等异常现象；经对四分体微核出现频率的统计，表明４Ａ，６Ａ及７Ａ等３个附加系在细胞学上相对较不稳定。     

麦秸半焦低温催化气化实验研究

以麦秸半焦为研究对象,比较麦秸半焦和酸洗麦秸半焦700℃下水蒸气气化实验,研究了麦秸灰分中碱金属含量、催化剂种类(K基、Ca基和Fe基)对气化过程的影响。实验结果表明,麦秸灰分中较高含量的碱金属K能够有效促进半焦气化的进行,使得在非催化条件下半焦的碳转化率达到63.4%,相比酸洗麦秸半焦提高了2.6倍。低温下碱金属K基催化剂对半焦气化的促进作用显著,在700℃和K/Al催化剂条件下H2产率和碳转化率分别达到118.60 mol/kg和98.5%,相较于Ca/Al、Fe/Al催化剂而言,H2产率分别提高了10.7%和20.5%,碳转化率提高了12.4%和31.0%;而Ca/Al及Fe/Al催化剂有利于水气变换反应的进行,可提高气化产物中H2体积分数,降低CO体积分数。综合考虑碳转化率、气体产率及气体组分含量等因素,在催化效果较好的K基催化剂中添加适量的Ca基催化剂有利于调节产气成分,从而进一步提纯获得富氢气体。     

Interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance,haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks

The interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks were investigated using 250‐day‐old cockerel chicks previously reared for 7 days pre‐experimental period. Birds were fed with commercial chick mash during the pre‐experimental period. At the expiration of this period, 192 chicks were selected on weight equalization basis and assigned into 24 pens. Each treatment consisted of six pens, while each pen housed eight birds. Four wheat–soya bean‐based experimental diets were formulated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets having two wheat forms (ground and whole wheat grain) each supplemented or not with 1 g/kg MOS/kg feed. Whole wheat feeding (irrespective of MOS supplementation) showed reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake. Birds fed whole wheat diet supplemented with MOS recorded the highest (p < 0.01) final live weight, weight gain and the best (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cell count of the chicks were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, dietary supplementation with MOS resulted in increased (p < 0.05) WBC counts. The caecum content of chicks fed with MOS‐supplemented whole wheat diets recorded the least (p < 0.01) salmonella counts. In conclusion, combination of whole wheat feeding and MOS supplementation showed improved growth performance, gut microbiota and indications of improved health status of cockerel chicks.     

Effect of feeding different levels of wheat roti on nutrient utilization and blood metabolite profile in semi‐captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of wheat roti (WR) on nutrient utilization and blood metabolites in Asian elephants fed roughages ad libitum. Nine (3 M, 6 F) Asian elephants (14–52 years of age, 1909–3968 kg BW) were used in an experiment based on replicated Latin square design. Animals in each group (n = 3) were assigned to one of the three dietary treatments in a manner that animals in all the three groups were exposed to all the three treatments in three different periods. Each feeding trial comprised 30 days (25 days of adaptation and 5 days collection period). The amount of WR fed to the elephants was 0.18, 0.12 and 0.06% of BW in groups I, II and III, respectively. They were allowed to forage in the nearby forests for 6 h/day and to bathe for 2 h/day. The animals had ad libitum access to cut Rohini (Mallotus philippensis) trees in their night shelter. Intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn were measured. Feed consumption was not significantly different among the groups. Significant (p < 0.01) decrease in digestibility of DM and GE and blood glucose concentration was observed with decreased level of WR in the diet. Feeding of WR at 0.06% of BW supplied adequate amount of DE, CP, Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn to meet requirement for adult maintenance. Feeding of WR in excess of 0.06% of BW supplied DE in excess of requirement, increased blood glucose concentration which may cause obesity and other associated health problems. It was concluded that the amount of WR should be restricted to 0.06% of BW in the diet of captive Asian elephants.     

基于双变量同化和交叉小波变换的冬小麦单产估测

为进一步提高陕西省关中平原冬小麦产量估测的精度,利用集合卡尔曼滤波算法(EnKF)将CERES-Wheat模型模拟的0～20 cm土壤含水率和叶面积指数(LAI)与遥感观测的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)和LAI进行同化,同时利用交叉小波变换分析冬小麦各生育时期同化VTCI和LAI与产量之间的共振周期,通过计算小波互相关度获得各生育时期同化VTCI和LAI的权重,进而构建基于加权VTCI和LAI的冬小麦单产估测模型。结果表明,在样点尺度,经过EnKF同化的VTCI和LAI能够综合表达模型模拟值和遥感观测值的变化趋势;在区域尺度,无论是否同化,经过交叉小波变换的各生育时期VTCI和LAI分别与产量之间存在特定的共振周期,同时发现,同化有助于对关键生育时期的特征提取;相较于未同化构建的估产模型,经过同化构建的估产模型的归一化均方根误差为13.23%,决定系数为0.50,平均相对误差为10.58%,精度略有提升,且估测产量的分布与统计产量的分布更为一致,因此认为将同化与交叉小波相结合构建的双变量单产估测模型精度更高,可为进一步实现高精度的区域产量估测提供研究基础。     

基于作物生长模型与机器学习算法的区域冬小麦估产

为精准、高效、实时地实现区域冬小麦产量估算,以河南省鹤壁市淇县桥盟乡石桥村为研究区,基于分辨率10 m的Sentinel-2多时相光学遥感影像,利用集合卡尔曼滤波(Ensemble Kalman filter, EnKF)算法同化PROSAIL辐射传输模型反演的多期叶面积指数(Leaf area index, LAI)到PyWOFOST作物生长模型中实现一定数量不同长势单点产量的估测,最后利用建立的机器学习模型和面域数据反演区域冬小麦产量,实现作物生长模型与机器学习算法的应用耦合及一种新的区域冬小麦估产模式。研究基于Sobol参数敏感性分析法量化对贮藏器官总干重质量(Total dry weight of storage organs, TWSO)与LAI_max的敏感性参数,并基于反演的多期LAI和粒子群优化(Particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法优化与LAI_max相关的TDWI、TBASE、CVS、CVL敏感性参数,将其输入到PyWOFOST模型中,利用EnKF算法和时序LAI数据调整对TWSO相关的AMAX...     

基于纹理-颜色特征与植被指数融合的冬小麦LAI估测

准确、快速、无损估测叶面积指数(LAI)对于冬小麦生产管理具有重要意义。利用无人机搭载Prime ALTUM多光谱相机获取冬小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期多光谱图像,利用LAI-2200C型植物冠层分析仪获取地面LAI数据。通过Pearson相关性分析筛选出25个植被指数,并提取植被指数影像中8种纹理特征：对比度(CON)、熵(ENT)、方差(VAR)、均值(MEA)、协同性(HOM)、相异性(DIS)、二阶矩(SEM)和相关性(COR),以及3种颜色特征：一阶矩(M)、二阶矩(V)和三阶矩(S),再分别利用多元逐步回归模型(MSR)、支持向量回归模型(SVR)和高斯过程回归模型(GPR)构建冬小麦LAI估测模型。结果表明：相对于考虑单一类型变量,考虑结合纹理特征和颜色特征进行估测时模型精度更高;3类模型中,GPR模型估测冬小麦LAI的精度最高;所有模型中,基于纹理-颜色特征与植被指数融合的GPR模型估测冬小麦LAI精度最高(决定系数R²为0.94,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.17 m²/m²,平均绝对误差(MAE)...     

Development of a pheromone trap monitoring system for orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, in the UK

Field-trapping experiments with synthetic 2,7-nonadiyl dibutyrate, the female-produced sex pheromone of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), demonstrated that pheromone traps were highly attractive to males and caught very few non-target organisms. Different formulations of pheromone were tested to identify the optimum release rate and dispenser type for use in pheromone traps in the UK. Key findings were that racemic pheromone was as effective as enantiomerically pure (2S,7R)-2,7-nonadiyl dibutyrate, that release rates higher than 0.5 microg day(-1) were not necessary and that the optimal formulation was a 1 mg pheromone loading in a rubber septum. Pheromone traps gave a reliable indication of peak midge emergence, onset of flight and abundance of midges throughout the season. A strong correlation between maximum trap catch and crop infestation levels was obtained.     

春小麦新品种酒春12号选育报告

为提高小麦产量和品质,保障地区粮食安全和粮食产业持续发展,酒泉市农业科学研究院以自育新品系酒9194为母本,引进(甘肃省农业科学院选育)9913-17为父本配制杂交组合,经过5 a连续单株选择,2015年稳定出圃。2018 — 2019年参加甘肃省(西片)水地组区域试验,2 a 12点(次)平均折合产量7 870.5 kg/hm2,较对照品种宁春4号增产4.24％。2020年参加甘肃省西片水地组生产试验,6试点平均折合产量8 339.3 kg/hm2,较对照品种宁春4号增产8.03%。生育期103 d,株高90.0 cm。株型紧凑,穗层整齐,穗数649.2万穗/hm2,穗粒数41.06粒,千粒重46.3 g,容重787.4 g/L。该品种品质优良,中抗白粉病,中感条锈病。适宜在甘肃省河西地区水地品种类型区种植。