中国粮食主产区参考作物蒸散量演变特征与成因分析

在全球变暖的背景下,参考作物蒸散量（reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0）的改变及其空间分布势必对中国粮食主产区农业水资源规划、农业用水管理等产生重要影响。本文将中国粮食主产区划分为温带湿润半湿润地区（I区）、温带干旱半干旱地区（II区）、暖温带半湿润地区（III区）和亚热带湿润地区（IV区）4个子区域,基于粮食主产区265个站点1961-2013年53a气象数据,采用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式计算各站点逐日ET0,利用ArcGIS空间插值、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、敏感性分析和贡献率分析等方法,对该区域ET0的时空分布规律及其成因进行分析。结果表明：（1）近53a来,中国粮食主产区年均ET0为878.9mm,整体呈显著下降趋势,速率为0.47mm·a^-1（P＜0.05）,I、II区和IV区年均ET0分别为741.8、1079.8和924.2mm且均有所减小,但变化趋势并不明显,III区年均ET0为940.2mm,呈极显著下降趋势,速率为1.21mm·a^-1（P＜0.01）。（2）全区及I-IV区ET0最敏感气象因子均为相对湿度,其敏感系数分别为-1.060、-1.232、-0.784、-1.114和-1.009。（3）全区及I-III区对ET0变化贡献最大的气象因子为风速,IV区为相对湿度。（4）风速的减小是造成粮食主产区全区及I-III区ET0减小的首要原因,风速减小和日照时数缩短是造成IV区ET0减小的主要原因。     

不同增氧水平对夏玉米生长及氮素利用的影响

为探究有利于夏玉米生长和氮素利用的适宜灌溉水溶解氧浓度,本试验以夏玉米为供试作物,采用地下滴灌供水方式,以地下水灌溉为对照,设置10(OA10)、20(OA20)和40(OA40) mg·L^-1灌溉水溶解氧浓度3个增氧水平,研究不同增氧水平对盆栽夏玉米生长、产量和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,增氧地下滴灌显著提高了土壤溶解氧浓度,与对照相比,OA40、OA20和OA10处理土壤溶解氧浓度平均提高14.83%、9.71%和8.00%,表现为作物生长增强,作物产量和氮素利用效率均显著提高(P<0.05)。与对照相比,OA10处理的株高、叶鲜质量和叶干质量分别增加7.39%、16.30%和12.02%;OA40处理叶干质量和茎鲜质量分别增加15.82%和12.43%;OA10、OA20和OA40根系鲜质量分别增加60.00%、17.66%和52.98%,根系体积分别增加34.03%、14.56%和51.32%;OA10和OA20处理根系活力分别增加272.77%和64.44%;OA10和OA40处理产量分别增加24.46%和21.83%,水分利用效率分别提高19.10%和21.61%,百粒重分别增加17.53%和15.14%。OA10和OA40处理籽粒氮素吸收量较对照分别增加63.90%和35.27%,OA10处理籽粒氮素分配比例和氮素吸收效率分别增加21.57%和33.33%。上述差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。综上,增氧地下滴灌可显著提高作物根区溶解氧浓度,促进作物生长,提高产量及氮素吸收利用,以OA10处理效果最为显著。本研究结果为增氧灌溉技术在实际生产中的合理利用提供了理论依据。     

秸秆颗粒饲料螺旋挤压加工性能的试验研究

利用单螺杆挤压机对农作物秸秆进行颗粒饲料的加工试验。通过单因素试验和通用旋转组合试验,找出各影响因素及其间的交互作用对性能指标的影响规律,建立数学模型,并对试验结果进行分析;对秸秆进行碱化处理再挤压成形,经分析测试,该方法可明显降低粗纤维含量,从而有利于动物消化率和采食率的提高。     

作物茬口与施肥对连作大豆虫食率的影响

为了研究苜蓿、玉米和大豆3种茬口与施肥对连作大豆虫食率的影响,2003-2005年在黑龙江龙镇农场采用两因素有重复完全随机试验,3年的连作大豆虫食率结果表明,茬口主效应和施肥主效应的互作对连作大豆虫食率的影响不显著,并且二者互作的各组合虫食率变化也没有明显的规律;施肥主效应对连作大豆虫食率有显著和极显著的影响,但施肥类型和施肥量对连作大豆虫食率的影响也没有发现规律性;2003年和2004年茬口主效应对连作大豆虫食率影响不显著,但2005年茬口主效应对连作大豆虫食率有极显著影响,从3年分析结果看,大豆茬上连作大豆的虫食率都相应高于同年苜蓿茬和玉米茬上连作大豆的虫食率,说明连作大豆年分越长,虫食率有加重的趋势。     

中国酸雨及其对农业生产影响的研究进展

为了研究中国酸雨特征及其对农业生产的影响,综述了30多年来有关中国酸雨及其对农业生产影响的研究成果。对中国酸雨特征的研究主要包括中国大气降水酸度分布和离子浓度特征。酸雨对农业生产影响方面主要包括酸雨对主要农作物种子萌发、生长发育、品质和产量的影响。同时,分析了中国酸雨的成因,探讨了减少酸雨危害的措施,指出了有待研究的科学问题。     

寒地水稻生态平衡施肥决策支持系统的设计

阐述了生态平衡施肥的概念、原理和原则，按照生态平衡施肥原理建立寒地水稻生态平衡施肥决策支持系统，同时介绍了系统设计、系统功能以及系统运行环境，能根据测定土壤养分状况给出不同土壤以及生态因子的生态平衡施肥方案，为推广生态平衡施肥生产和供应高效专用肥料提供保障。     

武威市石羊河流域种植结构调整与节水思路

石羊河流域武威市属区水资源紧缺,严重制约了区域的社会经济发展.从水资源实际和供水情况看,现状农业种植结构存在总种植面积大、水资源严重超栽、夏秋作物种植比例不合理、种植结构单一等问题.种植结构调整要围绕水资源的合理配置和高效利用,以水定灌溉规模,以结构调整促发展的思路.节水与结构调整相结合,变革耕作制度,提高水资源的利用效率,运用水价杠杆,激励结构调整,依法治水,合理高效利用水资源.     

Stable resistance against the leaf miner <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucoptera coffeella</Emphasis> expressed by genetically transformed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea canephora</Emphasis> in a pluriannual field experiment in French Guiana

Summary A pluriannual field trial of transgenic clones of Coffea canephora (the Robusta coffee tree) transformed for resistance to the lepidopteran coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella was installed in French Guiana. Fifty-eight transformed clones produced by transformation of the C. canephora clone 126 were planted. They were harbouring the pEF1α constitutive promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana controlling either the Bacillus thuringiensis native gene for the cry1Ac insecticidal protein (eight clones) or a synthetic cry1Ac gene (53 clones). The vectors for the transformation were a strain of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and one of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transformed clones were generally independent, presenting different integration patterns of the genetic construct. Four randomly distributed groups of five plants per transformed clone were planted along with 60 untransformed control trees. Over a 4-year period after plantation six releases of L. coffeella were performed. Mines on the leaves are the marks of larvae development and were counted on plants. A majority of the independent transformed clones harbouring the synthetic gene and transformed by the strain of A. tumefaciens displayed constantly much less mines than the control, therefore expressing a stable resistance. The need for complementary research is presented.     

Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil nitrogen and cotton and sorghum yields

Sustainable soil and crop management practices that reduce soil erosion and nitrogen (N) leaching, conserve soil organic matter, and optimize cotton and sorghum yields still remain a challenge. We examined the influence of three tillage practices (no-till, strip till and chisel till), four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secaele cereale L.)], vetch/rye biculture and winter weeds or no cover crop}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65 and 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil inorganic N content at the 0–30 cm depth and yields and N uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A field experiment was conducted on Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) from 1999 to 2002 in Georgia, USA. Nitrogen supplied by cover crops was greater with vetch and vetch/rye biculture than with rye and weeds. Soil inorganic N at the 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths increased with increasing N rate and were greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in April 2000 and 2002. Inorganic N at 0–10 cm was also greater with vetch than with rye in no-till, greater with vetch/rye than with rye and weeds in strip till, and greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in chisel till. In 2000, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in no-till with rye or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass (stems + leaves) yield and N uptake were greater with vetch and vetch/rye than with rye or weeds, and greater with 60 and 120 than with 0 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2001, sorghum grain yield, biomass yield, and N uptake were greater in strip till and chisel till than in no-till, and greater in vetch and vetch/rye with or without N than in rye and weeds with 0 or 65 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2002, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in chisel till, rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass N uptake was greater in vetch/rye with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹. Increased N supplied by hairy vetch or 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹ increased soil N availability, sorghum grain yield, cotton and sorghum biomass yields, and N uptake but decreased cotton lint yield and lint N uptake compared with rye, weeds or 0 kg N ha⁻¹. Cotton and sorghum yields and N uptake can be optimized and potentials for soil erosion and N leaching can be reduced by using conservation tillage, such as no-till or strip till, with vetch/rye biculture cover crop and 60–65 kg N ha⁻¹. The results can be applied in regions where cover crops can be grown in the winter to reduce soil erosion and N leaching and where tillage intensity and N fertilization rates can be minimized to reduce the costs of energy requirement for tillage and N fertilization while optimizing crop production.     

旱地棉花有限补水效应研究

研究了旱地棉花不同生育期补水对棉花生长发育和产量的影响．试验结果表明，有限补水棉花根系伤流量提高３７．５％～５６．３％，干物质和叶面积增多，光合势和净光合率提高，叶绿素含量提高２９．８％～４７．１％。补水比不补水棉花产量增加２２．０％～１８３．８％，其中补水３次＞２次＞１％＞ＣＫ，不同干旱年型，有限补水关键时期不同，在前期干旱年型补蕾水，后期干旱年型补花水，补１水（蕾或花）棉花产量过７５０ｋｇ·ｈｍ￣（－２），补２水产量（底＋花或蕾＋花）过１１２５ｋｇ·ｈｍ￣（－２）。