大陆漂移与云南胡蜂的扩散分布

云南高原位于北纬21°9′～29°15′和东经97°39′～106°12′之间,总面积394000km2,地质和气候、植被非常复杂.大陆漂移和冰期的进退是影响昆虫起源和演替的一个重要原因.昆虫的祖先是起源于一个统一大陆,在这个大陆上共同起源.共同进化,随着原始大陆的分离和漂移,把这些类群运载到各地,形成现今昆虫分布格局.昆虫的扩散是以中心分布方式成环状向周围扩散的.云南胡蜂的祖先是来自冈瓦那古陆.有两支昆虫进入云南,其中一支来自喜马拉雅山,另一支来自缅甸.冰期是导致南北生物互相混合和渗入的重要因素.胡蜂的特有类群是在冈瓦那古陆分裂之后才发展起来的.其祖先最早是分布在原始古陆较狭窄的区域内.     

保种群体遗传结构变化的模拟研究

本文运用电子计算机模拟的方法,分析了影响畜禽保种的主要因素,并通过不同参数组合(包括起始基因频率、群体有效含量和世代数等)的模拟试验得出三个主要结论: 1 在有性繁殖的有限群体中,原封不动地保存群体基因库中的每个基因(包括频率很低的基因)是根本不可能的。 2 在完全实行随机交配的情况下,长期保存频率较高的基因也需要相当大的群体才有可能。 3 频率较高基因的保存也不能单纯依靠群体大小,还需借助于选择。只有这样才能在小群体内长期保存频率较高的基因。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的风动力环境

输沙势是衡量一个地区风沙活动强弱的重要参数。为了更好地了解塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的沙粒运移状况,为沙尘暴预防与治理提供科学依据,通过地表土壤湿度修订出每个月的临界起沙风速以替代以往的一个经验值,进而以塔中气象站所提供的2006—2012年风速和风向数据为基础,研究了塔中地区的输沙势分布特征。结果表明:(1)起沙风风向主要分布在ENE,NE及E这3个方向上。(2)输沙势主要集中在春夏季。春季年平均合成输沙势分别为71.3VU,合成方向为31°;夏季年平均合成输沙势为59.7VU,合成方向为70.7°;冬季最小,合成输沙势仅为1VU。(3)春、夏、秋、冬方向变率指数都相对较大,说明塔中地区的风况较为单一。(4)春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的输沙势主要集中在ENE,NE及E这3个方向上。     

近14年榆林北六县土地利用变化及驱动力分析

以陕北黄土高原长城沿线作为研究区,分析了近14年来土地利用变化的特征,结果表明:长城沿线土地利用发生了明显的变化,耕地、水域和未利用土地在减少,其中耕地和未利用土地的减少最为明显;其它土地都有所增加,但转变幅度最快是园地和建设用地;农用地内部各地类转换剧烈,农用地和建设用地之间的转换明显,土地利用沙化现象仍然存在。长城沿线的土地利用变化受到多种因素的综合作,在自然因素的背景下,我国环境政策是该地区土地利用变化的根本原因,人口增长,经济因素也是土地利用变化重要驱动因素。     

Drop size dependence of soil-water contact angle in relation to the droplet geometry and line tension

The soil-water contact angle is used as a measure of the surface hydrophobicity of soils. The contact angle for particular solid–liquid combination is considered to vary with the drop size. In this paper, we focused on examining the drop size dependence of contact angle on soil surfaces compared with homogeneous solid surfaces, and determining its relation to the droplet geometry and line tension. The contact angle estimated using geometric parameters of the droplets (θ _G) showed decreasing trend with increasing drop size from 5 to 50?µL irrespective of the deformations in the droplet shape in larger drops. This was considered to be a result of the corresponding deviations of the geometric parameters of the droplets. The directly measured contact angle (θ _A) first decreased and then increased with increasing drop size from 5 to 50?µL. The drop size at lowest θ _A for hydrophobized silica sand with 1?g?kg^–1 stearic acid (SA) and the acryl surfaces was 20?µL, whereas that for hydrophobized silica sand with 5?g?kg^–1 SA and siliconed paper was 30?µL. The decrease in θ _A with increasing drop size was explained as a result of the line tension effect using the modified Young's equation. Despite the surface heterogeneity, all the surfaces tested in this study showed positive line tensions on the order of 10?µJ?m^–1. Irrespective of the heterogeneity of the surfaces, the θ _A in this experiment agreed with the modified Young's equation for drop sizes up to about 20–30?µL, where the θ _A and θ _G were also in good agreement. Drop size dependence of contact angle was independent of the level of surface hydrophobicity. The θ _A on all the examined surfaces started to increase with increasing drop size when the deformation index, I _d, exceeded 5%, where the wetting radius, R exceeded the capillary length. The increase in θ _A with increasing drop size was attributed to the deformations of water drops due to the effect of gravity.     

基于不同地表曲面模型预测土壤有机碳含量

Local terrain attributes,which are derived directly from the digital elevation model,have been widely applied in digital soil mapping.This study aimed to evaluate the mapping accuracy of soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration in 2 zones of the Heihe River in China,by combining prediction methods with local terrain attributes derived from different polynomial models.The prediction accuracy was used as a benchmark for those who may be more concerned with how accurately the variability of soil properties is modeled in practice,rather than how morphometric variables and their geomorphologic interpretations are understood and calculated.In this study,2 neighborhood types (square and circular) and 6 representative algorithms (Evans-Young,Horn,Zevenbergen-Thorne,Shary,Shi,and Florinsky algorithms) were applied.In general,35 combinations of first-and second-order derivatives were produced as candidate predictors for soil mapping using two mapping methods (i.e.,kriging with an external drift and geographically weighted regression).The results showed that appropriate local terrain attribute algorithms could better capture the spatial variation of SOC concentration in a region where soil properties are strongly influenced by the topography.Among the different combinations of first-and second-order derivatives used,there was a best combination with a more accurate estimate.For different prediction methods,the relative improvement in the two zones varied between 0.30％ and 9.68％.The SOC maps resulting from the higher-order algorithms (Zevenbergen-Thorne and Florinsky) yielded less interpolation errors.Therefore,it was concluded that the performance of predictive methods,which incorporated auxiliary variables,could be improved by attempting different terrain analysis algorithms.     

植保无人机昼夜作业的雾滴沉积特性及棉蚜防效对比

针对无人机在棉蚜防治过程中夜间作业雾滴沉积特性和防效未知、目标喷洒区域雾滴沉积规律不明确等问题,该研究采用P20植保无人机进行棉蚜防治试验,对比了无人机白天和夜间作业时棉花植株不同部位的雾滴沉积规律及棉蚜防效,以常规喷杆喷雾机和喷枪为对照。结果表明,无人机白天和夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量及覆盖率差异显著,相同作业参数下,夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量平均比白天多42.82%,覆盖率平均比白天增加51.04%;夜间作业的雾滴穿透性较好,棉花植株的中下层及叶片背面雾滴沉积数量均多于白天。夜间作业时,棉花植株中、下层的雾滴沉积数量平均占垂直方向上雾滴总数量的比例分别为34.79%和22.07%,白天平均占33.27%和21.89%,喷枪为29.50%和19.98%,喷杆喷雾机为43.30%和15.84%;无人机夜间作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量平均占正反面总雾滴沉积数量的19.80%,白天作业占14.18%,夜间比白天多39.63%,各层叶片背面的雾滴沉积数量表现为上层下层中层;总体上,无人机作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量比例不超过25%,喷枪及喷杆喷雾机作业的叶片背面雾滴数量少,分别占7.09%和0.20%;在棉花花铃期和蕾期作业时,为提高雾滴沉积数量和雾滴穿透性,建议将无人机作业参数设置为飞行高度1.5～2 m,飞行速度3～4 m/s,选用较大的喷洒量,因为只有无人机下压风场不削弱、雾滴不大量损失的前提下,旋翼风场才能有效促进雾滴穿透性。就雾滴沉积数量和棉蚜防效关系而言,药后第1天棉蚜减退率与叶片背面雾滴沉积数量呈正相关关系,因受天敌影响药后第10天二者关联性不高。试验表明,无人机夜间作业更有利于棉蚜防治,其防效显著优于白天作业和其他2种常规设备,且农药剂量减少20%对棉蚜防效无显著影响。该研究结果可为植保无人机作业参数的合理设置提供参考,为棉蚜有效防控提供科学依据。     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

植保无人机旋翼风场模型与雾滴运动机理研究进展

近几年,植保无人机施药技术在中国获得广泛应用,并逐渐发展为国内主要植保技术之一。但由于对植保无人机施药技术基础理论研究不够深入,相关机理尚不明晰,且植保无人机作业平台的稳定性依然有待提高,导致国内植保无人机施药效果不够理想。深入研究植保无人机施药技术的基础理论,理论结合试验结果共同指导植保无人机田间施药是提高其施药效果的关键。该研究综述了植保无人机旋翼风场分布特性、雾滴与无人机旋翼风场交互机理、雾滴沉降与飘移机理、雾滴与叶片表面的交互作用机理及雾滴分散和蒸发特性等植保无人机施药技术基础理论及其模型构建的国内外研究现状,并结合其基础理论与模型构建的国内外研究现状,给出植保无人机施药技术的未来发展建议,以期为植保无人机施药技术的发展提供参考。     

航空植保作业用喷头在风洞和飞行条件下的雾滴粒径分布

为了获得GP-81A系列航空喷头的雾滴粒径分布情况,该文针对GP-81A系列航空喷头进行了风洞条件和飞行条件下的雾滴粒径及分布测试,通过高速风洞测试系统模拟飞行时产生的高速气流开展了气流大小对雾滴粒径及分布的影响研究;基于农用航空常用的Y5B飞机开展了不同型号喷嘴航空喷雾时的雾滴粒径及分布研究;同时,比较了相近喷雾压力条件下,相同喷嘴在风洞条件和飞行条件下的雾滴粒径及分布差距。试验结果表明,风洞条件测试时,当风速小于33.8 m/s时,雾滴粒径随气流的增加而增大;而当风速大于33.8 m/s时,雾滴粒径随气流的增加而减小,足够大的气流可以使雾滴进一步雾化。当气流在33.8 m/s时,7#喷嘴雾滴粒径最大,为491.1μm;当气流在84.87 m/s时,2#喷嘴雾滴粒径最小,为202.1μm。该系列喷头的6种不同喷孔的喷头的雾滴粒径均大于150μm,说明该喷头航空喷雾时的飘移损失较小。在喷雾压力基本相同的条件下,风洞条件下的雾滴粒径测试结果略高于飞行试验结果,主要原因是距离喷头出口的测试位置不同。风洞条件和飞行条件下的雾滴谱相对宽度S值均较小,表明雾滴分布较均匀,而飞行条件下的雾滴分布更均匀些。该研究为进一步优化航空喷头的作业参数,开展减少雾滴飘移研究提供参考。