黄瓜叶片衰老过程中脂滴的原位降解和液泡内降解

对黄瓜不同发育阶段叶片中的脂滴进行超微观察,以期了解衰老叶内脂滴降解的场所。结果表明,衰老叶片中部分质体小球在叶绿体内降解,降解先从小球一侧开始,向另一侧推进。衰老叶片含有胞质脂滴,有些胞质脂滴紧贴叶绿体,显示其发生与叶绿体密切相关;有些胞质脂滴与液泡密切接触,并向液泡内转运,进入液泡后发生降解。显然,黄瓜叶衰老不仅引起脂滴在液泡内降解,也引起脂滴在叶绿体内原位降解,证明液泡并不是脂滴降解的唯一场所。     

航空植保作业用喷头在风洞和飞行条件下的雾滴粒径分布

为了获得GP-81A系列航空喷头的雾滴粒径分布情况,该文针对GP-81A系列航空喷头进行了风洞条件和飞行条件下的雾滴粒径及分布测试,通过高速风洞测试系统模拟飞行时产生的高速气流开展了气流大小对雾滴粒径及分布的影响研究;基于农用航空常用的Y5B飞机开展了不同型号喷嘴航空喷雾时的雾滴粒径及分布研究;同时,比较了相近喷雾压力条件下,相同喷嘴在风洞条件和飞行条件下的雾滴粒径及分布差距。试验结果表明,风洞条件测试时,当风速小于33.8 m/s时,雾滴粒径随气流的增加而增大;而当风速大于33.8 m/s时,雾滴粒径随气流的增加而减小,足够大的气流可以使雾滴进一步雾化。当气流在33.8 m/s时,7#喷嘴雾滴粒径最大,为491.1μm;当气流在84.87 m/s时,2#喷嘴雾滴粒径最小,为202.1μm。该系列喷头的6种不同喷孔的喷头的雾滴粒径均大于150μm,说明该喷头航空喷雾时的飘移损失较小。在喷雾压力基本相同的条件下,风洞条件下的雾滴粒径测试结果略高于飞行试验结果,主要原因是距离喷头出口的测试位置不同。风洞条件和飞行条件下的雾滴谱相对宽度S值均较小,表明雾滴分布较均匀,而飞行条件下的雾滴分布更均匀些。该研究为进一步优化航空喷头的作业参数,开展减少雾滴飘移研究提供参考。     

Pesticide‐laden dust emission and drift from treated seeds during seed drilling: a review

Dressing seeds with pesticides to control pests is a widespread practice with important advantages. Recent incidents of bee losses, however, have directed attention to the emission of abraded pesticide‐coated seed particles to the environment during sowing. This phenomenon of drift of pesticide dust can lead to pesticide contamination of air, water and other natural resources in crop‐growing areas. This review article presents the state of the art of the phenomenon of dust emission and drift from pesticide seed dressing during sowing and its consequences. Firstly, pesticide seed treatment is defined and its pros and cons are set out, with the focus on dust, dust emission and dust drift from pesticide‐coated seed. The factors affecting emission of pesticide dust (e.g. seed treatment quality, seed drilling technology and environmental conditions) are considered, along with its possible effects. The measuring techniques and protocols and models currently in use for calculating the behaviour of dust are reviewed, together with their features and limitations. Finally, possible mitigation measures are discussed, such as improving the seed quality and the use of modified seed drilling technology, and an overview of regulations and stewardship activities is given. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

风送喷雾雾滴粒径测量系统设计与影响因素试验

为方便测量不同喷雾条件下雾滴粒径大小,该文设计了喷头位置、喷雾角度、喷雾压力和风速大小等试验条件可精确调节的风送喷雾雾滴粒径测量系统。该系统喷头xyz三维空间位置调节范围分别为0～0.9、0～0.8和0～0.7m,调整精度为±0.04mm;喷雾角度调节范围为0～360°,调整精度为±0.005°;喷雾压力调节范围为0.2～0.5MPa,相对误差不大于1.5%;风速调节范围为0～15m/s,相对误差不大于4.17%。雾滴粒径风速影响特性试验表明,常用的3个粒径统计项D32、D43和DV0.5随风速增加而增大,其平均变化率分别为2.62、3.59和6.83μm·s/m,速度从3m/s增加到15m/s时,三者分别增加46%、26%和71%;雾滴粒径喷雾压力影响特性试验表明,D32、D43和DV0.5随压力增加而减小,其平均变化率分别为90.33、232.3和300.2μm/MPa,喷雾压力从0.2MPa增加到0.5MPa时,三者分别减小31%、36%和56%,表明风速和喷雾压力对雾滴粒径影响较大,在喷雾系统中进行风速和压力选择时需着重考虑其对粒径变化的影响。     

密闭空间中液体雾化喷嘴的性能研究

将使用于密闭空间的细微粒喷嘴改进为带有静电环的静电喷头,采用 Winner 318分体式喷雾激光粒度仪测量非静电与静电情况下粒径的变化。试验结果表明：加有高压静电的环状电极喷嘴有利于细化雾滴粒径,使粒径均匀化。     

利用数字高程模型改进高山灰岩坑土壤pH值预测

Among spatial interpolation techniques,geostatistics is generally preferred because it takes into account the spatial correlation between neighbouring observations in order to predict attribute values at unsampled locations.A doline of approximately 15 000 m 2 at 1 900 m above sea level (North Italy) was selected as the study area to estimate a digital elevation model (DEM) using geostatistics,to provide a realistic distribution of the errors and to demonstrate whether using widely available secondary data provided more accurate estimates of soil pH than those obtained by univariate kriging.Elevation was measured at 467 randomly distributed points that were converted into a regular DEM using ordinary kriging.Further,110 pits were located using spatial simulated annealing (SSA) method.The interpolation techniques were multi-linear regression analysis (MLR),ordinary kriging (OK),regression kriging (RK),kriging with external drift (KED) and multi-collocated ordinary cokriging (CKmc).A cross-validation test was used to assess the prediction performances of the different algorithms and then evaluate which methods performed best.RK and KED yielded better results than the more complex CKmc and OK.The choice of the most appropriate interpolation method accounting for redundant auxiliary information was strongly conditioned by site specific situations.     

基于小波分析的陀螺随机漂移建模与滤波

采用基于小波分析提取信号趋势项的方法,对实测三浮陀螺漂移数据的趋势项加以提取,并对其残差进行建模。在建立了时序模型的基础上进行卡尔曼滤波器设计,对三浮陀螺的随机漂移数据进行卡尔曼滤波,结果表明,滤波方法有效地抑制了陀螺的随机误差。     

大陆漂移与云南胡蜂的扩散分布

云南高原位于北纬21°9′～29°15′和东经97°39′～106°12′之间,总面积394000km2,地质和气候、植被非常复杂.大陆漂移和冰期的进退是影响昆虫起源和演替的一个重要原因.昆虫的祖先是起源于一个统一大陆,在这个大陆上共同起源.共同进化,随着原始大陆的分离和漂移,把这些类群运载到各地,形成现今昆虫分布格局.昆虫的扩散是以中心分布方式成环状向周围扩散的.云南胡蜂的祖先是来自冈瓦那古陆.有两支昆虫进入云南,其中一支来自喜马拉雅山,另一支来自缅甸.冰期是导致南北生物互相混合和渗入的重要因素.胡蜂的特有类群是在冈瓦那古陆分裂之后才发展起来的.其祖先最早是分布在原始古陆较狭窄的区域内.     

光温敏核不育水稻育性稳定性研究Ⅳ.不育起点温度漂移规律

以培矮64S和安湘S等不育基因来源不同的5个水稻光温敏核不育系为材料，在人工气候室进行长日低温处理，考查各材料从核心种子至原种一代各世代平均花粉不育度，以探明不育起点温度漂移规律。结果表明：1）不育起点温度漂移普遍存在于不同不育基因来源的光温敏不育系中；2）不育基因来源不同的不育系起点温度漂移幅度和漂移频率均存在明显差异。对不同不育系不育起点温度漂移规律以及生产上对光温敏不育系的利用策略进行了讨论。     

A novel polymer membrane for extraction applications

In this study, a new type of Aliquat 336/PVC membrane has been made for extraction experiments. This new membrane is capable of holding more Aliquat 336 than previously developed extraction membranes, hence overcoming a major problem that has confronted many researchers for a long time. The new membrane has been used to investigate the rate of extraction for the Cd(II) ion in 2.0 M HCl solution and the effect of membrane thickness on the rate of extraction. The experimental results have shown this new membrane has a promising future in relevant industrial applications. A new method is also used in this study to qualitatively identify the oily substance on the surface of membrane after the extraction experiment was completed. This oily substance has been found to be Aliquat 336.