Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of doxycycline in ostriches (Struthio camelus) at two different dose rates

A bioavailability and pharmacokinetics study of doxycycline was carried out on 30 healthy ostriches after a single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral dose of 15 mg/kg body weight. The plasma doxycycline concentration was determined by HPLC/UV at 0 (pretreatment), 0.08, 0.25, 0.5 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after administration. The plasma concentration-time curves were examined using non-compartmental methods based on the statistical moment theory for only the higher dose. After IV administration, the elimination half-life (t_1/2β), mean residence time (MRT), volume of distribution at the steady-state (V_ss), volume of distribution (Vd_area) and total body clearance (Cl_B) were 7.67 ± 0.62 h, 6.68 ± 0.86 h, 0.86 ± 0.16 l/kg, 1.67 ± 0.52 l/kg and 2.51 ± 0.63 ml/min/kg, respectively. After IM and oral dosing, the mean peak plasma concentrations (C_max) were 1.34 ± 0.33 and 0.30 ± 0.04 µg/ml, respectively, which were achieved at a post-administration time (t_max) of 0.75 ± 0.18, 3.03 ± 0.48 h, respectively. The t_1/2β, Vd_area and Cl_B after IM administration were 25.02 ± 3.98 h, 23.99 ± 3.4 l/kg and 12.14 ± 1.71 ml/min/kg, respectively and 19.25 ± 2.53 h, 61.49 ± 7 l/kg and 40.19 ± 3.79 ml/min/kg after oral administration, respectively. The absolute bioavailability (F) of doxycycline was 5.03 and 17.52% after oral and IM administration, respectively. These results show that the dose data from other animals particularly mammals cannot be extrapolated to ostriches. Therefore, based on these results along with those reported in the literature, further studies on the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration values and clinical applications of doxycycline in ostriches are required.     

Detection of Doxycycline in Soil Using Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet

In order to investigate the pollution status of DOX in soil and reduce the detection cost,a detection method of DOX in three soils was established by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) in this study.The mixture of acetonitrile and Na₂EDTA-Mcllvaine (1:1,V/V) was used as extraction reagent for soil samples.HLB solid phase extraction column was used for enrichment and purification.Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm×5 μm) column was used for separation.0.01 mol/L oxalic acid (A),acetonitrile (B) and methanol (C) were used as mobile phase system for HPLC detection at 355 nm.The limit of detection (LOD) was determined by 3 times S/N and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was determined by 10 times S/N.The results showed that DOX peaked in 10 min.In the range of 0.1-10 μg/mL,the linear relationship between the peak area of DOX and the concentration was good.The regression equation was y=22 747x+3.3256,and the correlation coefficient was 0.9999.The LOD and LOQ of DOX in this method were 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg,respectively.When the added concentration of DOX was 0.1 μg/g in soil,the recoveries of DOX in loam,sandy loam and sandy were 58.96%,75.84% and 83.06%,respectively,and the coefficient of variation(CV) was 1.00%-9.54%.The recoveries of DOX in loam,sandy loam and sandy were 63.89%,70.48% and 81.07%,respectively,and the CV 2.40%-8.83% when added 0.2 μg/g.The recoveries of DOX in loam,sandy loam and sandy soil was 59.02%,76.16% and 81.29% respectively,and the CV was 1.52%-5.89% when added 0.4 μg/g.This method was efficient,stable and specific.It could be used for the detection and quantification of DOX in different types of soil,which was helpful for the establishment of the detection method of DOX in the environment.     

Some pharmacokinetic parameters of doxycycline in East African goats after intramuscular administration of a long-acting formulation

A compartmental and non-compartmental study was carried out on five adult goats following intramuscular administration of doxycycline at 20 mg/kg bodyweight. The concentration of the drug in serum was determined by a microbiological assay employingBacillus cereus varmycoides (ATCC 11778) as the test organism. The mean serum concentration (C _max) and the time of maximum concentration (T _max) were 1.87 µg/ml and 0.85 h, respectively. Using compartmental analysis, the plasma concentration-time curve of doxycycline best fitted a three-compartment open model with first-order absorption. A three-phase disposition of doxycycline was found, the terminal elimination half-life being approximately 40 h.The statistical moment theory was mainly used for non-compartmental analysis. The value obtained for the mean residence time (MRT) was 16.41 h. The mean values for the volume of distribution at steady state (V _dss), determined by compartmental and non-compartmental analyses, were 8.73 and 13.19 L/kg, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences when the major pharmacokinetic parameters were compared.It was concluded that the pharmacokinetic behaviour of doxycycline in goats after intramuscular administration is characterized by a three-compartment model with a slow terminal elimination phase. Based on current knowledge, this could be due to enterohepatic recycling and/or flip-flop kinetics. The study indicated that a single intramuscular administration of 20 mg/kg of doxycycline may only provide therapeutic concentrations for up to 24 h owing to slow absorption at the injection site.Abbreviations ATCC American Type Culture Collection - AVC total area under the plasma concentration-time curve - AUMC area under the curve of the product from time zero to infinity - C1 total body clearance - i.m. intramuscular - i.v. intravenous - MRT mean residence time - MIC minimum inhibitory concentration - PVP polyvinyl pyrolidone - V_d volume of distribution - V _dss volume of distribution at steady state     

盐酸多西环素临床治疗异育银鲫嗜水气单胞菌感染的给药方案的制定

通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)测定盐酸多西环素在异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)血清中不同时间点的血药浓度,并结合药物的体外药效学参数,确定该药的临床给药方案。结果显示,盐酸多西环素对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila,AH10)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.4μg/m L,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为3.2μg/m L,防耐药突变浓度(MPC)为4.8μg/m L,耐药选择窗(MSW)为0.4~4.8μg/m L。盐酸多西环素的抗菌后效应(PAE)约为2 h;在异育银鲫中能够达到良好的抑菌杀菌效果的盐酸多西环素口灌剂量是20 mg/kg,休药期至少为25 d;能够控制耐药菌株产生的盐酸多西环素口灌剂量是80 mg/kg,休药期至少为60 d。     

基于偏最小二乘回归同时测定阿莫西林和多四环素含量

阿莫西林和多四环素在紫外光谱区间吸收峰附近有多重共线现象,紫外分光光度法难以准确测出2种物质各自含量.本文通过L16(45)正交实验设计,采集200~250 nm波长混合样品吸收光谱,数据经标准化处理,建立偏最小二乘回归预报数学模型.结果显示,该法计算阿莫西林和多四环素的预测相对误差(RPE)分别为3.13%和6.42%,平均加标回收率分别为100.34%和100.71%.该法简便快捷,准确可靠,样品无需预先分离.     

盐酸多西环素在猪体内的药物动力学及其残留

试验建立了反相高效液相色谱(RT-HPLC)法测定盐酸多西环素的浓度,探讨了盐酸多西环素在猪体内的药物动力学和残留特征。结果表明,盐酸多西环素以2.5mg/kg单剂量肌内注射给猪(n=6),药物动力学模型符合有吸收一室模型,药物动力学参数:吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)、消除半衰期(t1/2ke)为(0.400±0.312)h、(9.530±0.956)h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)为(44.414±4.123)mg·h·L-1,最大血药浓度(Cmax)为(2.811±0.136)mg/L,达峰时间(Tp)为(1.910±0.213)h。另外,以相同剂量肌内注射给猪(n=6),每天1次,连续给药4d后,在不同时间测定盐酸多西环素在猪的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、皮肤和脂肪中的残留量。在给药后16d,盐酸多西环素在各组织均能检测到,且残留均低于残留限量。盐酸多西环素注射液在猪体内消除缓慢,残留期较长,建议休药期不低于16d。     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸多西环素可溶性粉的含量

用紫外分光光度法测定盐酸多西环素可溶性粉中多西环素的含量.紫外扫描表明盐酸多西环素在271、349 nm波长处有最大吸收峰,且其浓度在4～28 μg/mL范围内,吸收度与浓度呈良好线性关系.盐酸多西环素溶于甲醇,而辅料不溶,过滤分离出盐酸多西环素,可做紫外检测.用盐酸多西环素对照品和辅料制备模拟样品,测得平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.29%（n=9）.该方法可为生产厂家中间品质量监控提供参考.     

盐酸多西环素微囊制备及其在家兔体内的药动学研究

以可生物降解材料壳聚糖为囊材,采用乳化交联法制备盐酸多西环素壳聚糖微囊,考查其形态学特征、载药量、及体外释药情况等;将12只小鼠随机分为2组,每组6只,分别按药物剂量20 mg·kg-1灌胃,采用HPLC法,以C18为固定相,流动相为乙腈∶甲醇∶0.01 mol· L-1草酸溶液(2∶1∶7),在346 nm处对不同时间点的血药浓度进行检测,研究其在家兔体内药动学特征.结果成功制得外观较均一、光滑,平均粒径约10 μm,药物含量为20.60％,平均包封率为85.54％且具有明显缓释作用的盐酸多西环素微囊;家兔口服给药盐酸多西环素原药和微囊后主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(1.74士0.00)和(1.10士0.00)mg·L-1,Tmax分别为3和12 h,AUC(0-t)分别为(11.71±0.17)和(32.51士0.20) mg· L-1 ·h,T1/2.分别为(1.16士0.53)和(7.51士2.87)h,T1/2β分别为(2.19士0.38)和(9.00±1.60)h,相对生物利用度为289.4％,药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型.说明微囊化后的盐酸多西环素吸收、分布缓慢,生物利用度有了很大提高.     

Comparative genomic analysis of five high drug‐resistance Aeromonas hydrophila strains induced by doxycycline in laboratory and nine reference strains in Genbank

Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic pathogen and the leading cause of fatal haemorrhagic septicaemia in fish and shellfish. Doxycycline, one of the second generation tetracyclines, has been used in fish farming to fight against infectious diseases caused by A. hydrophila due to its broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity and lower cost. However, progressive increase in resistance of Aeromonas strains to doxycycline aroused serious concern. In this report, drug‐resistant A. hydrophilaAH10 strains were induced and selected by using a consecutive batch culture system in Mueller‐Hinton Broth (MHB) supplemented with varying concentrations of doxycycline. Five isolates (AH101‐105) were obtained from the bacterial culture induced by 25 μg/ml doxycycline for drug‐resistance analysis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of all five isolates were 50 times higher than that of the parental strain AH10. All of them also displayed high‐level resistance to sulphonamides and amides. We sequenced five isolates and performed comparative genomic analysis of these draft genomes with nine A. hydrophila complete genomes from GenBank. Results showed that the pan‐genome of 14 strains contains 4,730 genes, 3,056 genes of which present in all strains. The drug‐resistance genes also showed significant difference in these genomes, which indicated dangers of indiscriminate use of antibiotics in aquaculture and the necessity of understanding the variation of antibiotic resistance of A. hydrophila. Pan‐genome analysis further revealed that no specific SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) or InDel (insertion and deletion variation) was identified in any functional gene locus among the genomes of AH10 mutated strains, in contrast, significant CNVs (copy number variations) and SV (structure variations) for gene groups were identified in all the mutant genomes.