Enhancement of revegetation on construction fill by fertilizer and topsoil application: Effect on mycorrhizal infection

The influence of topsoil and fertilizer application on denuded road construction sites was evaluated to assess its contribution to improvement of vegetation re-establishment. the study sites were within a mixed hardwood and conifer forest on crushed, unweathered subsurface material with low fertility and low biological activity. Topsoils were removed from the site, stockpiled and reapplied to the site after construction. the effect of topsoil amendment on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and an index of microbial biomass were measured in field and greenhouse experiments. Plant growth on the topsoil amended field plots were greatly increased relative to treatments with fertilizer but no topsoil. Three years after establishment, dry weight production on the plots without topsoil treatment was about 40 per cent of the plots treated with topsoil. Greenhouse experiments were designed to compare fresh, dried and stockpiled topsoil. These experiments indicated that storage of the harvested topsoil for five months in a stockpile had minor effects on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and microbial biomass. Topsoil volumes had to exceed 20 per cent of the total soil volume to achieve statistically significant benefits and higher ratios showed greater benefit. the percentage of mycorrhizal infection was greatest in topsoil treatments without fertilizer. the addition of fertilizer increased growth but reduced the percentage of roots forming mycorrhizae. When the total weight of infected roots was calculated, however, infection was found to be greatest with a moderate level of fertilizer (equivalent to approximately 27 kg N ha⁻¹ and 39 kg P ha⁻¹), and was less in both higher fertilizer treatments and in unfertilized treatments. Topsoil amendment increased microbial biomass nitrogen but fertilizer treatment did not.     

复合硅改性热处理杨木的制备及性能

[目的]针对木材树脂改性剂释放甲醛不环保,无机改性材吸湿性高等问题,将廉价易得的硅石粉溶液化,再有机杂化,制得高渗透、环保、防火的水溶性木材复合硅改性剂,通过真空加压浸渍处理和热处理联合改性,可以有效提高木材的物理力学和阻燃等性能.[方法]分别制备硅油复合硅改性剂(SC2)和偶联剂杂化硅改性剂(HS2),对人工林杨木进...     

有机肥替代化肥对桃产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

根据临沂市目前桃园化肥使用情况,探究有机肥替代部分化肥对桃园土壤养分含量、树体营养水平及果实品质产量的影响,以期为减少化肥使用,改善桃园土壤环境,提升桃果实质量提供理论依据。试验在6树龄的桃园进行,设置40%、70%和100%3个梯度有机肥替代量,与完全施用化肥做比较,进行田间试验,对桃产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响进行测定。结果显示,6龄左右桃园施用40%有机肥替代量比较适宜,对桃树营养生长发育促进最为明显,对果实品质提升最为显著,产量也表现最高,比只施用化肥增产5961.0 kg/hm²,增产率为17.6%,比只施用有机肥增产7105.5 kg/hm²,增产率为21.0%。在临沂市桃生产中,推荐40%有机肥替代量常规复合肥进行推广应用。     

The potential of mini-ridging for controlling intrarow weeds: estimating minimum lethal burial depth

Weed management using synthetic herbicides is undergoing a global decline, necessitating a re-evaluation of existing control measures and the development of novel weed management tools. ‘Mini-ridging’ is a non-discriminatory, physical weeding method that functions by burying weeds in the intrarow with a laterally shifted ridge of soil. In glasshouse trials using potted plants, we found that plant recovery after soil application was influenced by plant size, which in turn was influenced by plant species, developmental stage and/or age. The likelihood of plant recovery after soil application was negatively related to the depth of soil applied: very few plants survived total coverage by soil but, conversely, survival could be substantial if some parts of the plants were not covered. The results suggest that burial under a depth of 6 cm of soil would eliminate most plants regardless of species or growth stage. Larger plants would require the application of a greater total depth of soil to achieve this 6 cm of soil cover, and weed management would, therefore, tend to be more successful and more practical if weeds were targeted when still small. This research demonstrates the potential of plant burial as a simple and reliable means of non-chemical weed management, and re-emphasises that, for weed control to be effective, the applied soil layer must cover the whole plant.     

有机肥替代化肥对棉花生长发育和产量的影响

【目的】研究不同有机肥替代化肥对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。【方法】以陇棉3号为试材,采用田间随机区组排列试验,研究有机肥与化肥不同配施比例对棉花生育期、营养器官和生殖器官干重、叶面积指数、花铃期光合速率、产量及其构成的影响。【结果】不同有机肥替代化肥延长了棉花生育期2～6 d,且用生物有机肥替代40%化肥的情况延长生育期的时间最长。各处理的叶面积指数从苗期到花铃期上升,花铃期升至最大,随后在吐絮期下降。在花铃期和吐絮期,6个处理中T5处理的叶面积指数最大。施用有机肥对棉花花铃期的光合速率无显著影响。普通有机肥和生物有机肥替代化肥能够获得与常规施肥相应的产量。而生物有机肥替代40%化肥显著增加了绒长、籽棉产量和皮棉产量。【结论】棉花生产过程中可以用生物有机肥来替代化肥,达到减用化肥、增产增效的效果。     

Long-term consequences of topsoil mining on select biological and physical characteristics of two New Zealand loessial soils under grazed pasture

Soil chemical, biochemical, biological and structural properties were measured in two New Zealand loessial soils that were topsoil-mined 10 and 25 years ago respectively. Measurements at the 10-year site were compared to some earlier measurements made at this site and the data combined in a chronological sequence for analysis. Topsoil mining had a large, detrimental impact on the soil microbial biomass, the earthworm populations, easily mineralizable N and soil enzyme activities. However, most of these properties substantially recovered, to 80-90 per cent of the levels in unmined soils, within 10-25 years of restoration under pasture. In contrast, while total soil C and N were less affected by topsoil mining, their recovery was much slower. Stabilities of macro-aggregates of soil had fully recovered within 10-25 years after topsoil mining. The apparent changes in all the measured properties between 10 and 25 years of restoration were small in comparison with changes between 0-10 years of restoration after topsoil mining. The total C content of both soils under pasture appeared unlikely to attain the levels present in unmined soils. In soils undergoing restoration, the ratio of microbial C/total soil C may be a useful index of soil ‘biological stability’. Sulphatase activity may reflect the recovery of pasture production.     

节水灌溉的水稻干物质积累C-R模型研究

介绍了水稻干物质模型的研究进展和Chapman-Richards模型的数学结构以及该模型在描述林木生长和不同生物种群生长过程中的应用,并根据国家“863”节水农业专项子课题现场试验资料,用Chapman-Richards模型模拟了水稻干物质积累过程。结果表明。用Chapman-Richards生长方程来模拟控灌水稻干物质积累过程中,Logistic模型拟合效果最好。并根据模型参数对水稻生长过程进行了分析。     

有机磷农药与小麦酯酶作用关系研究

本研究以小麦为植物酯酶的酶源,α-乙酸萘酯为底物,考察了小麦酯酶与有机磷农药之间作用的关系,建立了10个以吸光值变化表示的酶活性与有机磷农药浓度对数之间的线性方程,并确定了函数的单调区间和极值。     

施氮对苜蓿初花期光合日变化、叶片形态及干物质产量的影响

通过研究不同氮素水平下滴灌苜蓿叶片形态特征、光合日变化规律,分析不同施氮水平下滴灌苜蓿光合日变化、叶片形态与干物质产量的关系,以期进一步揭示施氮对紫花苜蓿干物质及产量形成的影响机制,进而为优化实际生产中紫花苜蓿的氮管理策略提供理论依据。采用单因素随机区组设计,设置0(CK)、60(N₁)、120(N₂)和180kg·hm^-2(N₃)共4个施氮水平,在紫花苜蓿初花期对光合日变化、叶片形态、叶片氮含量和苜蓿产量构成进行测定。结果表明,施氮处理下苜蓿的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均高于不施氮处理,施氮处理的苜蓿叶片胞间CO₂浓度低于不施氮处理。对净光合速率和蒸腾速率综合影响最大的环境因子是光合有效辐射。随着施氮量的增加,紫花苜蓿的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶重,以及叶片干重、茎秆干重、干物质产量、叶片氮含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同施氮水平下,对叶片形态结构影响最大的为叶面积,其次分别为比叶重、叶长和叶宽,对苜蓿干物质产量影响从大到小依次为叶片氮含量>...