Hypoxia-based habitat compression of tropical pelagic fishes

Large areas of cold hypoxic water occur as distinct strata in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and Atlantic oceans as a result of high productivity initiated by intense nutrient upwelling. We show that this stratum restricts the depth distribution of tropical pelagic marlins, sailfish, and tunas by compressing the acceptable physical habitat into a narrow surface layer. This layer extends downward to a variable boundary defined by a shallow thermocline, often at 25 m, above a barrier of cold hypoxic water. The depth distributions of marlin and sailfish monitored with electronic tags and average dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature profiles show that this cold hypoxic environment constitutes a lower habitat boundary in the ETP, but not in the western North Atlantic (WNA), where DO is not limiting. Eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic sailfish are larger than those in WNA, where the hypoxic zone is much deeper or absent. Larger sizes may reflect enhanced foraging opportunities afforded by the closer proximity of predator and prey in compressed habitat, as well as by the higher productivity. The shallow band of acceptable habitat restricts these fishes to a very narrow surface layer and makes them more vulnerable to over‐exploitation by surface gears. Predictably, the long‐term landings of tropical pelagic tunas from areas of habitat compression have been far greater than in surrounding areas. Many tropical pelagic species in the Atlantic Ocean are currently either fully exploited or overfished and their future status could be quite sensitive to increased fishing pressures, particularly in areas of habitat compression.     

温度与溶氧水平对日本沼虾瞬时耗氧速率的影响

为了研究日本沼虾瞬时耗氧速率在不同温度下的变化规律及其与溶氧水平的关系,以日本沼虾为试验 对象,设4 个温度梯度(15、20、25、30益）,采用密闭呼吸室法,求得各温度下试验虾耗氧量随时间的变化状况。结果表 明,日本沼虾的瞬时耗氧速率随时间的增加而降低,且呈良好的乘幂函数增长关系,呼吸类型属于顺应型;在适宜溶 解氧量及温度范围内,瞬时耗氧速率均随相应溶解氧含量和温度的升高而增加,且呈良好的线性相关关系。     

不同耕作措施下秸秆还田土壤CO2排放与溶解性有机碳的动态变化及其关系

田间定位试验开始于2008年,共设置秸秆还田翻耕(CT+)、无秸秆翻耕(CT-)、秸秆还田免耕(NT+)和无秸秆免耕(NT-)四个处理。利用静态箱——气相色谱法,测定分析了2010—2011年度和2012—2013年度两个小麦生长季内土壤CO2排放、土壤DOC含量及土壤有机质含量的动态变化。结果表明:两个小麦生长季内土壤CO2排放规律基本一致,从当年小麦出苗到越冬土壤CO2排放量下降,第二年小麦返青后,土壤CO2排放量开始上升,到开花期达到排放高峰,其后开始下降直至小麦成熟。各处理2010-2011年、2012—2013年度土壤CO2平均排放通量分别为:CT+246.44、273.94 mg·m-2·h-1,CT-183.54、212.57 mg·m-2·h-1,NT+188.41、200.06 mg·m-2·h-1,NT-179.66、179.10 mg·m-2·h-1。土壤DOC含量的动态变化表现为在一定范围内上下波动,各处理2010—2011年、2012—2013度年土壤DOC平均含量分别为:CT+0.601、0.467 g·kg-1;CT-0.530、0.377 g·kg-1;NT+0.621、0.544 g·kg-1;NT-0.528、0.402 g·kg-1。方差分析表明,秸秆还田能增加土壤CO2排放、DOC含量和有机质含量;翻耕能增加土壤CO2排放,对DOC含量和有机质含量无显著影响;免耕减少土壤CO2排放,对DOC含量无显著影响,能增加土壤有机质含量。相关分析表明,土壤CO2排放与DOC含量动态变化没有显著相关关系,土壤CO2排放总量与土壤有机质含量正相关,DOC含量和土壤有机质含量无明显相关关系。     

堆肥过程中水溶性有机物常规荧光与固体表面荧光光谱比较

为研究固体表面荧光表征堆肥有机质结构及物质转化特征的可行性,采集堆肥原样,提取水溶性有机物,分别对两者的含碳量及前者的固体表面荧光和后者的常规荧光光谱进行分析。结果显示：堆肥过程中,水溶性有机物占总堆肥有机物的比例不断下降,第40天降至5.1 g/kg。堆肥进行时,水溶性有机物的发射、激发光谱及同步荧光光谱中的类腐殖质荧光的强度均不断增强,而堆肥原样的激发、发射和同步3种扫描形式的固体表面荧光却不断降低。3种荧光光谱中,堆肥原样和水溶性有机物的同步荧光光谱在常规荧光光谱和固体表面荧光中都出现了类蛋白和类腐     

洞庭湖区耕地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响

在洞庭湖区选取典型样区,于2004年3月通过调查和密集取样,测定了各种耕地利用方式(旱地、水旱轮作地、一季稻水田和双季稻水田)的溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、土壤总有机碳(TOC)的含量,分析了DOC、MBC、TOC的关系。结果表明,(1)DOC含量为水旱轮作地(66.3mg·kg-1)>双季稻水田(64.7mg·kg-1)>一季稻水田(60.1mg·kg-1)>旱地(55.7mg·kg-1),MBC含量为双季稻水田(885.9mg·kg-1)>一季稻水田(730.6mg·kg-1)>水旱轮作地(720.9mg·kg-1)>旱地(488.6mg·kg-1),有机物质的输入量、种植制度和水肥管理是差异存在的重要原因;(2)旱地、水旱轮作地、双季稻水田和一季稻水田的DOC/TOC均值分别为0.32%、0.27%、0.24%、0.24%,其相应的MBC/TOC均值分别为3.02%、2.88%、3.22%、2.91%;(3)DOC、MBC、TOC相互之间极显著相关(P<0.01)。秸秆还田(土)和增加土地复种指数是调控土壤活性有机碳含量的可行措施。     

南方森林土壤溶解有机碳与土壤因子的关系

采用TOC-5000A总有机碳仪测定了福建主要森林类型土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)的含量，分析了土壤溶解有机碳与土壤因子的关系。结果表明：南方酸性森林土壤中，DOC与有机碳总量、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾等养分因子之间呈极显著或显著的正相关关系，因而可以作为评价土壤肥力性状的生物学指标。土壤DOC与土壤中有机络合态铁、有机络合态铝和活性轻基铝之间呈权显著或显著的正相关。土壤中有机碳是影响土壤中铝和铁的溶出及迁移的一个重要因子。土壤DOC与pH值之间在一定的范围内呈权显著的负相关关系，因而土壤中铝的吸附、保持及溶解铝的排出受到溶液中DOC的强烈控制。土壤DOC与交换性铝之间无显著相关性。表2参14     

溶解性有机质对水稻生长及元素吸收的影响

用溶液交换法研究了从猪粪、稻草和紫云英 3种有机肥中提取的溶解性有机质对水稻生长及其吸收养分的影响 .结果表明 ,3种来源不同的溶解性有机质均显著促进了水稻根系及茎叶的生长 ,提高了水稻的分蘖数 .3种溶解性有机分解液均显著提高根系和茎叶 Fe质量分数 ,对 Cu质量分数的影响不显著 ,对 Zn和 Mn质量分数有一定影响 ,但情形较复杂     

溶氧因素对冬虫夏草摇瓶培养的影响

对冬虫夏草菌丝体摇瓶培养中影响溶氧的主要因素进行分析。通过测定不同摇床转速、装液量、封口方式下摇瓶培养后的菌丝得率,并对其进行单因素分析,选择单因素较优水平,然后进行3因素正交试验。结果表明,最适宜溶氧条件为摇床转速140r/min、装液量50%、封口采用无菌培养容器封口膜;各因素影响培养的显著性依次为摇床转速、装液量、封口方式;不同摇床转速下对有效成分含量测定显示,摇床转速对虫草多糖及虫草酸含量影响不显著。     

Extraction of water‐soluble organic matter from mineral horizons of forest soils

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is involved in many important biogeochemical processes in soil. As its collection is laborious, very often water‐soluble organic matter (WSOM) obtained by extracting organic or mineral soil horizons with a dilute salt solution has been used as a substitute of DOM. We extracted WSOM (measured as water‐soluble organic C, WSOC) from seven mineral horizons of three forest soils from North‐Rhine Westphalia, Germany, with demineralized H₂O, 0.01 M CaCl₂, and 0.5 M K₂SO₄. We investigated the quantitative and qualitative effects of the extractants on WSOM and compared it with DOM collected with ceramic suction cups from the same horizons. The amounts of WSOC extracted differed significantly between both the extractants and the horizons. With two exceptions, K₂SO₄ extracted the largest amounts of WSOC (up to 126 mg C kg^–1) followed by H₂O followed by CaCl₂. The H₂O extracts revealed by far the highest molar UV absorptivities at 254 nm (up to 5834 L mol^–1 cm^–1) compared to the salt solutions which is attributed to solubilization of highly aromatic compounds. The amounts of WSOC extracted did not depend on the amounts of Fe and Al oxides as well as on soil organic C and pH. Water‐soluble organic matter extracted by K₂SO₄ bore the largest similarity to DOM due to relatively analogue molar absorptivities. Therefore, we recommend to use this extractant when trying to obtain a substitute for DOM, but as WSOM extraction is a rate‐limited process, the suitability of extraction procedures to obtain a surrogate of DOM remains ambiguous.     

基于改进极限学习机的水体溶解氧预测方法

为了有效地指导水产养殖生产,提高溶解氧浓度预测的精度,提出了基于因子筛选和改进极限学习机（Extreme Learning Machine,ELM）的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型。首先,利用皮尔森相关系数法计算各影响因子与溶解氧浓度间的相关系数,提取强关联因子,降低预测模型的输入量维度;采用偏最小二乘算法（Partial Least Square, PLS）优化传统ELM神经网络,避免网络中隐含层共线性问题,保障输出权值的稳定性;然后,结合新型激活函数,构建水体溶解氧浓度预测模型。最后,将SPLS-ELM（Selection Based Partial Least Square Optimized-Extreme Learning Machine）预测模型应用到江苏省无锡市南泉基地某试验池塘的水体溶解氧预测中。试验结果表明：该模型的预测均方根误差为0.323 2 mg/L,与最小二乘支持向量机（Least Square Support Vector Machine,LSSVM）、BP神经网络、粒子群（Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO）优化LSSVM和遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm, GA）优化BP神经网络相比分别降低40.98%、44.48%、34.73%和44.18%。且该模型的运行时间仅0.623 1s,预测精度和运行效率明显优于其他模型。该模型的溶解氧预测曲线接近真实溶解氧变化曲线,能够满足水产养殖实际生产对水体溶解氧预测的要求。