Biomass distribution in 40-year-old trees of Japanese black pine

Measurements were carried out to survey the quantity of above- and below-ground biomass and its distribution of five Japanese black pines (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) growing on a sandy soil. The roots, divided into diameter groups, were surveyed using two methods—soil coring and excavation. Average dry weight of total biomass of the trees was 176,185 g. Roots represented 13.2%, below-ground stump 6.5%, stem 70.4% and branches with needles 9.9% of total biomass. Roots made up about two thirds and stump one third of below-ground biomass. Total length of below-ground biomass (except roots with diameter < 0.1 cm) was 479.1 m/tree. Roots with diameter of 0.1–0.2 cm represented only 0.7% of below-ground biomass, however as much as 49.9% of their total length. Roots with diameter over 10.0 cm constituted as much as 21.6% of below-ground biomass, however were only 0.3% of its total length. Root systems had well developed tap roots to maximal depth of 231 cm. The results indicated that mass and length of roots with diameter 0.5–2.0 cm had a close correlation with branch mass. Mass and length of roots with diameter 2.0–10.0 cm closely correlated to stem mass. Stem mass, root mass and root length closely correlated to DBH. A rather low correlation was found between DBH and mass of branches and below-ground stump. DBH was a suitable variable for predicting total biomass.     

柚木花粉离体萌发试验

柚木(Tectona grandis L.f.)是世界名贵的用材树种,天然分布于印度、缅甸、泰国和老挝[1],具有生长快、用途广、纹理美观和价格昂贵的特点,已在热带、南亚热带地区广为引种,是世界上人工林种植面积最大的4个树种之一,也是单位面积产值最高的一个造林树种[2-3]。我国引种柚木已有170多年的     

Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alleycropping system in the southern United States

A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm) when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g⁻¹) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g⁻¹) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g⁻¹). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed.     

Analysis of root fractal characteristics in remote areas of the Taklimakan desert, China

Fractal geometry is a potential new approach to analyze the root architecture, which may offer improved ways to quantify and summarize root system complexity as well as yield ecological and physiological insights into the functional relevance of specific architectural patterns. Fractal analysis is a sensitive measure of root branching intensity and fractal dimension expresses the ＂space filling＂ properties of a structure. The objective of this study was to find out the fractal characteristics of root systems in a remote area of the Taklimakan desert in China. The entire root system of two naturally occurring species were excavated and exposed with shov- els in 2007. The species were Tamarix taklamakanensis and Calligonum roborovskii. A one-factorial ANOVA with species as factor showed statistically a highly significant difference in fractal dimensions, indicating differences in their pattern of root branching. There was no relationship between root diameter and two parameters of fractal root models a and q, representing general characteris- tics of root systems, for either species （a： the ratio of the sum of root cross-sectional areas after a branching to the cross-sectional area before root division; q： the distribution of the cross-sectional areas after branching）. We have found significant linear relation- ships between the diameter after branching and root length and biomass respectively, because of the self-similarity of root branching. Branching rules are the same for roots of all sizes and lengths. Root biomass for the root systems of entire trees can be estimated by measuring the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk or the diameter after branching. We have shown that the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk and the diameter after branching are effective indices that can be measured easily in order to estimate the root lengths, biomass and other parameters of root architecture.     

城市土壤特性及其改良

城市土壤是经过人类活动的长期干扰,并在城市特殊的环境背景下发育起来的土壤。它与农田土壤的特性有着明显的不同,对城市森林植物的生长十分不利。文章就城市土壤的特性及改良技术措施作简要介绍。       

思茅松容器苗嫁接技术试验研究

2012~2013年,在普洱市林科所开展了思茅松嫁接试验,对砧木采用容器育苗,穗条采自优树收集圃,嫁接方法为侧劈接法。分析认为,在嫁接削面长度试验中,成活率最高的是8 cm,成活率达94%;月份嫁接试验中,成活率最高的月份是5月份和10月份,成活率分别为93%和92%。     

湘西黄牛LPL基因exon5的多态性与生长性状的相关性

脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)是机体脂质和脂蛋白代谢的关键酶,在脂质代谢、转运和能量代谢方面发挥着重要作用,影响着动物的生长发育。为探讨湘西黄牛LPL基因的分子遗传特征和寻找与生长性状相关的分子标记,采用PCR产物测序的方法检测了湘西黄牛LPL基因的SNP位点,并进行了LPL基因exon 5的g.365458G>A位点进行了群体遗传多态与生长性状的关联分析。SNP检测结果表明,LPL基因在Intron 4上新发现了3个SNP(g.365186A>C、g.365248C>T和g.365249C>T),在exon5的182 bp处检测到了1个SNP(g.365458G>A)。g.365458G>A位点的多态性检测结果表明,g.365458G>A位点存在AA、AG和GG 3种基因型,呈中度多态,且达到了Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。多态性与生产性状的相关性分析结果表明,湘西黄牛AA基因型个体的体高和胸围显著大于GG基因型个体(P<0.05),AA基因型个体的体长和体重极显著大于GG基因型个体(P<0.01)。A等位基因对湘西黄牛的体高、体长、胸围和体重都为正效应,而G等位基因都为负效应。推测LPL基因exon5的g.365458G>A位点有可能作为湘西黄牛生长性状的分子遗传标记位点。     

太湖麦穗鱼生长、死亡和利用状况评估

为研究太湖麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva的种群结构、生长特征、死亡特征和资源利用状况,于2014年1—12月使用虾笼网在太湖水域逐月进行了采样调查,并对采集的1207尾样本进行了分析。结果表明:麦穗鱼样本标准体长为27.03~107.36 mm,平均为(60.03±13.29)mm,体质量为0.4~21.2 g,平均为(4.51±3.16)g;其体长与体质量呈幂函数相关,拟合关系式为W=2.1606×10-5L2.9537(R2=0.9323,n=1207);Von Bertalanffy生长方程各参数为L∞=112.88 mm、K=0.46、t0=-0.51 a,体质量生长拐点为1.84a;应用变换体长渔获曲线法估算总死亡系数(Z)为1.87,利用Pauly经验公式估算自然死亡系数(M)为1.07,捕捞死亡系数(F)为0.80,开发率(E)为0.43。研究表明,太湖水域麦穗鱼面临的捕捞压力较轻,处于适度利用状态,这与太湖水域无针对性捕捞且设有禁渔期有关,同时开捕期内肉食性鱼类面临的捕捞压力也有利于小型鱼类种群增殖。     

不同烃链长度咪唑类离子液体对玉米幼苗生长的影响

为探讨离子液体(ILs)对农业生物的毒性,以典型农作物玉米为材料,采用水培法研究三种不同烃链长度离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([C4mim]Cl)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([C6mim]Cl)和1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([C8mim]Cl)在不同浓度下对幼苗的根、茎生长以及部分生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:三种离子液体对玉米幼苗根、茎干重均有显著抑制作用。由EC50值得出,抑制程度表现为[C4mim]Cl[C6mim]Cl[C8mim]Cl,且对根重的抑制大于茎重。随三种离子液体处理浓度增加,玉米幼苗根、茎抗氧化酶系(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)总体呈下降趋势,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,表明氧化胁迫可能是离子液体产生毒性的重要原因。     

玉米胚原油挤压膨化工艺的优化

螺杆是挤压机的重要组成部分。以挤压机螺杆构型参数阻流环直径、轴头间隙长度、螺杆转速、螺纹升角为试验因素,以浸提玉米胚原油的碘值为考察指标,研究挤压参数对碘值的影响。通过四因素五水平二次正交旋转组合法设计试验,利用SAS9.1软件对试验数据进行响应面分析,得到最佳挤压膨化工艺参数为阻流环直径92 mm、轴头间隙长度16 mm、螺纹升角为7°06′、螺杆转速为180 r/min,在最优参数下碘值为78.56 g/100 g。