基于颗粒模型的风积砂层降雨入渗深度计算及验证

为了研究沙漠干旱区降雨对砂层非饱和带水分的贡献,该文对风积砂层水分入渗过程中的水分存在形式和运移机理进行了理论和力学分析。通过以触点水为主要储水单元的立方布局颗粒模型推导出水分入渗过程中湿润深度的解析表达式,并进行验证。物理和力学分析表明,砂颗粒表面很难形成较厚的薄膜水,砂层非饱和带水分大部分以触点水的形式存在。模型计算结果表明,水分入渗的湿润深度与入渗水量和触点水湿润角有关。模型验证表明,水分入渗湿润深度的解析表达式在风积砂层入渗深度计算中具有一定的适用性,但触点水湿润角与砂颗粒粒径的函数关系还有待进一步研究当设定触点水湿润角为π/4时,比例常数为11.5。该研究可为干旱区农业规划提供依据。     

Density and carrying capacity in the forgotten tigerland: Tigers in the understudied Nepalese Churia

While there are numerous wildlife ecology studies in lowland areas of Nepal, there are no in‐depth studies of the hilly Churia habitat even though it comprises 7642 km² of potential wildlife habitat across the Terai Arc. We investigated tiger, leopard and prey densities across this understudied habitat. Our camera trapping survey covered 536 km² of Churia and surrounding areas within Chitwan National Park (CNP). We used 161 trapping locations and accumulated 2097 trap‐nights in a 60‐day survey period during the winter season of 2010–2011. In addition, we walked 136 km over 81 different line transects using distance sampling to estimate prey density. We photographed 31 individual tigers, 28 individual leopards and 25 other mammalian species. Spatial capture–recapture methods resulted in lower density estimates for tigers, ranging from 2.3 to 2.9 tigers per 100 km², than for leopards, which ranged from 3.3 to 5.1 leopards per 100 km². In addition, leopard densities were higher in the core of the Churia compared to surrounding areas. We estimated 62.7 prey animals per 100 km² with forest ungulate prey (sambar, chital, barking deer and wild pig), accounting for 47% of the total. Based on prey availability, Churia habitat within CNP could potentially support 5.86 tigers per 100 km² but our density estimates were lower, perhaps indicating that the tiger population is below carrying capacity. Our results demonstrate that Churia habitat should not be ignored in conservation initiatives, but rather management efforts should focus on reducing human disturbance to support higher predator numbers.     

基质深度及基质袋摆放方式对春季袋培番茄产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

为探究不同栽培深度基质和基质袋摆放对春季袋培番茄产量、品质、养分吸收和基质养分利用率的影响,以‘巴宝丽’番茄为试材,设置不同基质深度(7.5、10.5和13.5cm)及基质袋不同摆放方式(地面摆放和地面下沉20cm),共6个处理,测定了番茄的生长发育、产量、品质和养分吸收等指标。结果表明:栽培基质深度对产量、果实品质均有显著影响;基质袋摆放方式对产量影响不显著,但显著影响果实可溶性蛋白、番茄红素、硝酸盐和有机酸含量;基质深度和基质袋摆放方式对果实硝酸盐含量的影响有显著的交互作用。随着栽培基质深度的增加,产量显著提高,品质明显改善;基质深度13.5cm时,番茄单株产量最高,达3.83kg/株。基质袋摆放方式和基质深度对番茄开花期、初果期及盛果期P和K的累积吸收影响显著,基质深度对番茄开花期、初果期和盛果期N的吸收也有显著影响,基质深度和基质袋摆放方式对开花期和初果期番茄植株N、P和K的累积吸收存在显著的交互作用。基质内N、P和K养分利用率均是基质深度为13.5cm的处理最高,且不同基质袋摆放方式对基质养分利用率无显著影响。综上,为实现省工省力且高产优质载培,在实际生产中推荐将春季栽培番茄的基质深度设置为13.5cm(即基质供应量为9L/株)且地面摆放。     

普通城门洞形断面临界水深的近似计算法

【目的】建立普通城门洞形断面临界水深的简捷计算方法。【方法】针对目前普通城门洞形过水断面临界水深计算过程繁琐、误差较大,且依赖图表、不便应用的现状,应用数学变换及逐步优化拟合原理,提出普通城门洞断面临界水深的计算公式,并采用实例对公式进行验证。【结果】得到了城门洞形断面临界水深的近似计算式,实例计算及误差分析结果表明,在工程实用范围内(临界水深与拱顶半径之比为1.13～1.85),所建立的公式最大相对误差仅为0.33%。【结论】所建立的公式物理概念清晰明确、形式简捷,为工程设计及水工设计手册的编制提供了有益参考。     

基于产量响应诊断冬小麦水分亏缺适宜土层及其水分阈值

明确作物产量对水分亏缺的响应是实施非充分灌溉的科学基础。该文在华北气候下,通过设置不同灌水次数造成处理间的土壤供水差异,探讨了大田冬小麦籽粒产量与不同生育时期、不同土层深度的土壤水分之间的关系,系统分析了影响小麦产量的水分阈值,提出了适宜的土壤水分诊断深度。结果表明:不论从土壤水分动态、还是从全生育期平均水分来看,亏水处理与充分供水对照在浅层土壤的水分差异最大,且随土层深度增加而减小。0~0.4、0~0.8、0~1.2 m的水分差异分别在19.7%~36.5%、9.3%~21.7%和2.9%~9.7%之间。此外,土壤水分变异程度随土层深度增加而减小。不同生育期、不同深度的水分与小麦产量关系多为开口向下的抛物线函数,但函数关系的显著程度随生育期及土层深度而变化,其中0~0.4 m的水分与产量关系最为密切。影响小麦产量的水分阈值随生育进程呈下降趋势。自拔节孕穗至乳熟期,0~0.4、0~0.6、0~1.0、0~1.2及0~1.6 m的水分阈值由田间持水率的83.1%~95%下降到72.3%~90.0%。依据处理间土壤水分动态差异、全生育期平均水分差异、不同土层的水分变异程度、土壤水分与小麦产量关系显著性程度4方面的分析,该文提出0~0.4 m为适宜的水分亏缺诊断深度,相应在拔节孕穗、抽穗、开花、灌浆初期、灌浆中期、灌浆后期、乳熟期的水分阈值分别为95.0%、98.4%、79.9%、73.7%、88.6%、79.6%和75.7%。该结果对小麦亏缺灌溉管理具有实际指导意义。     

淮北平原涝渍兼治的组合排水工程形式

由于淮北平原砂姜黑土区的气候、地形、地貌、水文地质、土壤等多方面原因，致使旱、涝、渍频繁，且涝渍灾害往往是紧密相连，先涝后渍，涝渍相随．造成大面积减产．甚至绝收，旱、涝、渍灾害一直困扰着本区的农业发展。通过试验及调查，从治理涝渍效果、提高农业产量、投入产出等方面进行综合分析，提出了几种适宜于本区的组合排水形式。     

不同埋干深度对1年生楸树生长和生物量的影响

[目的]研究4种埋干深度对1年生豫楸1号生长和生物量的影响。[方法]埋干深度设计4种处理(10、20、30和40 cm),各处理分别选3株平均木,调查其一级侧枝的数量、长度和粗度,测量其胸径、树高及地上和地下生物量。[结果]4种埋干深度间,1年生楸树的侧枝数量、长度和粗度差异不显著,供试材料以埋干10 cm的平均枝条数和平均枝条粗度最大,埋干30 cm的平均枝条长度最大。各处理间胸径和树高总体随埋干深度的增大而变小,胸径差异呈显著性,树高差异不显著。地上生物量、茎生物量和枝生物量差异处理间达极显著,根生物量间差异显著,地上生物量和根生物量均随埋干深度的增加而减小。[结论]4种埋干深度对参试豫楸1号的胸径和生物量有不同程度的影响,埋干10 cm时,参试材料的胸径和生物量相对最大。     

东北坡耕地春季融雪侵蚀观测研究

为研究东北地区坡耕地的春季融雪侵蚀特征及其影响因素,选取吉林省吉兴小流域内坡耕地进行原位观测,通过分析融雪过程中径流量和含沙量的变化,以及融雪径流、土壤解冻深度等指标对融雪侵蚀的影响,探讨坡耕地融雪侵蚀过程及变化规律。结果表明,在日平均温度0~3.8℃的气象条件下,春季融雪侵蚀较为集中,径流与含沙量变化均先增加后减少。融雪径流与表层土壤解冻深度是影响融雪侵蚀的重要因素,初期融雪产流,土壤未解冻,径流急剧增加,径流量占融雪期总径流量的59.15%;中期积雪融化趋于稳定,土壤表层开始解冻,径流减少含沙量增加,侵蚀量达到最大且占融雪期总侵蚀量的41.74%;末期融雪产流停止,土壤解冻深度增加,含沙量达到最大(8.00kg/m~3)。坡耕地融雪侵蚀受垄作区域与集水洼地地形变化的影响,产流产沙具有较强规律性,二者峰值出现频次一致时,径流—泥沙呈8字循环滞后关系,反之呈复式循环滞后关系。     

Responses of root growth of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Fabaceae) to different simulated groundwater depths in the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert,China

Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Fabaceae) is a spiny, perennial herb. The species grows in the salinized, arid regions in North China. This study investigated the response characteristics of the root growth and the distribution of one-year-old A. sparsifolia seedlings to different groundwater depths in controlled plots. The ecological adaptability of the root systems of A. sparsifolia seedlings was examined using the artificial digging method. Results showed that: (1) A. sparsifolia seedlings adapted to an increase in groundwater depth mainly through increasing the penetration depth and growth rate of vertical roots. The vertical roots grew rapidly when soil moisture content reached 3%-9%, but slowly when soil moisture content was 13%-20%. The vertical roots stopped growing when soil moisture content reached 30% (the critical soil moisture point). (2) The morphological plasticity of roots is an important strategy used by A. sparsifolia seedlings to obtain water and adapt to dry soil conditions. When the groundwater table was shallow, horizontal roots quickly expanded and tillering increased in order to compete for light resources, whereas when the groundwater table was deeper, vertical roots developed quickly to exploit space in the deeper soil layers. (3) The decrease in groundwater depth was probably responsible for the root distribution in the shallow soil layers. Root biomass and surface area both decreased with soil depth. One strategy of A. sparsifolia seedlings in dealing with the increase in groundwater depth is to increase root biomass in the deep soil layers. The relationship between the root growth/distribution of A. sparsifolia and the depth of groundwater table can be used as guidance for harvesting A. sparsifolia biomass and managing water resources for forage grasses. It is also of ecological significance as it reveals how desert plants adapt to arid environments.     

地埋滴灌点源入渗土壤水分运动规律实验研究

通过室内砂土中进行地埋滴灌的实验,对地埋滴灌在砂土中的适应性进行初步研究,为田间试验布置提供依据。通过分析湿润锋的推移速率、特征点的土壤含水率变化规律,发现湿润锋推移速率先是径向大于垂向,随着灌水时间和灌水量增加,水平方向和垂向的湿润锋和含水率趋于平衡。根据对比滴灌带埋深15和20 cm特征点的含水率变化情况,得出埋深15 cm节水效果更好,更利于作物生长。实验还得出湿润比能作为滴灌灌水参数的指标,由于作物种植的间距和作物根系深度之比基本小于1.0,因此在田间实际灌溉中湿润比应控制在1.0左右。