First report on the autochthonous gut microbiota of brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus)

A study was conducted to characterize the autochthonous gut microbiota present in the pyloric caeca (PC), anterior mucosa (AM) and posterior mucosa (PM) of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Total viable counts (TVC) bacterial populations were enumerated using tryptone soy agar, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) levels were enumerated on de Man, Rogosa & Sharpe agar and PCR‐DGGE was employed as a culture‐independent method to assess the total communities. No significant differences were observed between the different gut regions for TVC or LAB levels. 16S rRNA sequencing identified all LAB isolates as Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. In contrast, the TVC community was more diverse; Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were present but all gut regions were dominated by Proteobacteria, accounting for 88.4–92.6% of the communities. Citrobacter freundii was the dominant species and accounted for 51.0–57.8% of the isolates. Complex bacterial communities were observed using PCR‐DGGE and a trend towards the reduction in the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), microbial richness and microbial diversity was observed from the PC to the PM. The similarity between regions was low (52–68%) and cluster analysis revealed that the communities grouped into two distinct clusters; one dominated by the PM samples and the other contained the AM and PC samples. OTUs from the DGGE were identified as members of the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Many OTUs were detected in all gastrointestinal regions, however, some OTUs showed regional specialization. Further studies are required to elucidate the activity of these genera in situ and how their actions impact the host.     

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) protein hydrolysates with in vitro dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory and antioxidant properties

The potential of quinoa to act as a source of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory and antioxidant peptides was studied. A quinoa protein isolate (QPI) with a purity of 40.73 ± 0.90% was prepared. The QPI was hydrolysed at 50 °C for 3 h with two enzyme preparations: papain (P) and a microbial papain-like enzyme (PL) to yield quinoa protein hydrolysates (QPHs). The hydrolysates were evaluated for their DPP-IV inhibitory and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities. Protein hydrolysis was observed in the QPI control, possibly due to the activity of quinoa endogenous proteinases. The QPI control had significantly higher DPP-IV half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) and lower ORAC values than QPH-P and QPH-PL (P < 0.05). Both QPH-P and QPH-PL had similar DPP-IV IC₅₀ and ORAC values. QPH-P had a DPP-IV IC₅₀ value of 0.88 ± 0.05 mg mL⁻¹ and an ORAC activity of 501.60 ± 77.34 μmol Trolox equivalent (T.E.) g⁻¹. To our understanding, this is the first study demonstrating the in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory properties of quinoa protein hydrolysates. QPHs may have potential as functional ingredients with serum glucose lowering properties.     

艾灸对免疫系统作用的研究——Ⅱ、艾灸对驴外周血中胸腺依赖淋巴细胞值的影响

本项试验旨在对艾灸的治疗机理从免疫学角度作理论性探讨。试验用驴4头,分一日灸和二日连灸组,每组用驴2头。选抢风和百会穴为艾灸试验穴位。于灸前及灸后3、6、12、24、48、72及96小时,采颈静脉血涂片,用酯酶染色法测定外周血中T淋巴细胞(下简称T细胞)值%。结果表明,艾灸对T细胞具有较好的激活作用,无论一日灸或二日连灸后的T细胞值％,均较灸前值的差异显著或极显著,二日连灸组的二日次灸较一日次负的T细胞值％更加增高。两试验组的T细胞值%于灸后24小时均呈现规律性地下降趋势。     

猪无名高热综合征临床病例研究

通过电镜直接观察从吉林省、辽宁省部分地区收集到的猪无名高热综合征病料,发现主要为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、副粘病毒、猪瘟病毒;将从吉林省的无名高热综合征病料中分离到的副粘病毒、病料原液以及由病料制得的自家灭活疫苗分别接种到血清检测无名高热综合征主要病原抗体阴性的健康仔猪,同时设立阴性对照,对临床感染的仔猪进行了病理变化、病毒分离、细菌检测等方面的鉴定分析,对无名高热综合征病原的致病特点、发病规律和灭活疫苗使用中出现的抗体依赖性增强作用（ADE）进行了探讨研究。结果表明：初步认定两省部分地区无名高热综合征的主要病原体为PRRSV,由病料所制得灭活疫苗在活体中具有抗体依赖性增强现象。     

Comparison of 13 single-round and nested PCR assays targeting IS900, ISMav2, f57 and locus 255 for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

For molecular biological detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), PCR methods with primers targeting different regions specific for MAP are used worldwide. However, some uncertainties exist concerning the specificity of certain target regions and the sensitivity. To identify the methods which are best suited for diagnostics, 8 single-round and 5 nested PCR systems including 12 different primer pairs based on IS900 (9 x), ISMav2 (1x), f57 (1x), and locus 255 (1x) sequences were compared regarding their analytical sensitivity and specificity under similar PCR conditions. Reference strains and field isolates of 17 Mycobacterium species and subspecies, 16 different non-mycobacterial bovine pathogens and commensals were included in this study. Single-round PCR resulted in a detection limit of 100 fg to 1 pg, and nested PCR in 10 fg or below. Depending on the specific primer sequences targeting IS900, false positive results occurred with one of the five single-round and two of the four nested PCR systems. This also applied to the single-round PCR based on ISMav2 and the nested PCR based on f57. A high number of non-specific products were primarily detected for the single-round PCR assay based on ISMav2, but also for a single-round PCR targeting the IS900 and the locus 255. In conclusion, stringent selection of IS900-specific primers ensures that IS900 remains a favourite target sequence for amplification of MAP specific loci. The studied PCR systems based on f57, and locus 255 can also be recommended. Revision of ISMav2 primers is necessary. Single-round PCR systems are very reliable. Nested PCR assays were occasionally disturbed by contaminations, thus bearing a risk for routine diagnostics.     

基于委托代理模型对农产品营销渠道依赖与冲突的关系研究

运用委托代理理论模型对农产品渠道依赖和渠道冲突之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:渠道双方的相互依赖能降低渠道冲突,可以采用专有资产的投资等方式来提高渠道成员的相互依赖度。     

Competition effects in an afrotemperate forest

Background： Information about competition responses is mainly available for monospecific stands or mixed stands with a small number of species. Studies on complex multi-species and highly structured forest ecosystems are scarce. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to quantify competition effects and analyse competition responses in a species-diverse afrotemperate forest in South Africa, based on an observational study with mapped tree positions and long-term diameter increment records. Methods： The sensitivity to competition was analysed for individual species and involved the calculation of the slope of the linear relation between the value of a competition index （CI） and diameter growth as a measure of sensitivity. In a next step different competition indices were combined and tree diameters were grouped in three classes as surrogates for canopy status and ontogenetic stage. Results： Five competition indices were found to be effective in showing sensitivity to competition for a number of canopy and sub-canopy species. Significant linear regressions were fitted for 18 of a total of 25 species. Species reactions varied significantly in their sensitivity to the different CIs. The indices were classified as belonging to two groups, those that responded more to local crowding and those that are more sensitive to overtopping, which revealed species-specific sensitivities to both factors. The analysis based on diameter classes revealed that species clearly changed their sensitivity to crowding or overtopping depending on diameter. Canopy and sub-canopy species showed distinct differences in their reactions. Conclusions： The application of multiple CIs brought novel insights relating to the dynamics of afrotemperate forests. The response patterns to different competition indices that focus on crowding and overtopping are varied and tree diameter dependent, indicating that oversimplified assumptions are not warranted in the interpretation of Cl- growth relations.     

Effect of Trilostane and Mitotane on Aldosterone Secretory Reserve in Dogs with Pituitary‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism

Background

Maximal aldosterone secretion in healthy dogs occurs 30 minutes postadrenocorticotropin (ACTH; 5 μg/kg IV) stimulation. The effect of trilostane and mitotane on aldosterone at that time is unknown.

Objectives

To assess the effect of trilostane and mitotane in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism on aldosterone secretory reserve. To determine if aldosterone concentration correlates with electrolyte concentrations.

Animals

Serum collected from 79 client‐owned dogs and 33 stored samples.

Methods

Client‐owned dogs had ACTH stimulation tests with cortisol concentrations measured at 0 and 60 minutes and aldosterone concentrations measured at 0, 30, and 60 minutes. Stored samples had aldosterone concentrations measured at 0 and 60 minutes. Ten historical clinically healthy controls were included. All had basal sodium and potassium concentrations measured.

Results

The aldosterone concentrations in the mitotane‐ and trilostane‐treated dogs at 30 and 60 minutes post‐ACTH were significantly lower than in clinically healthy dogs; no significant difference was detected in aldosterone concentration between 30 and 60 minutes in treated dogs. However, a significantly higher percentage of dogs had decreased aldosterone secretory reserve detected at 30 minutes than at 60 minutes. At 30 minutes, decreased secretory reserve was detected in 49% and 78% of trilostane‐ and mitotane‐treated dogs, respectively. No correlation was detected between aldosterone and serum electrolyte concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Decreased aldosterone secretory reserve is common in trilostane‐ and mitotane‐treated dogs; it cannot be predicted by measurement of serum electrolyte concentrations. Aldosterone concentration at 30 minutes post‐ACTH stimulation identifies more dogs with decreased aldosterone secretory reserve than conventional testing at 60 minutes.     

枸杞多糖-4a改善糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗作用的研究

试验旨在研究枸杞多糖亚级分（LBP-4a）改善非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(NIDDM)大鼠胰岛素抵抗（IR）的作用及其机制。试验采用水提醇沉法从宁夏枸杞中提取出枸杞多糖,并对其进行分离、纯化得主要活性成分LBP-4a。采用高糖高脂饮食结合小剂量腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立NIDDM大鼠模型,并将其分为模型对照组、LBP-4a低、高剂量组和罗格列酮治疗组,同时设立正常对照组。给药8周后检测相关指标。采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术对LBP-4a降糖、改善IR的作用机理进行了较为深入系统的探讨。结果表明,LBP-4a不仅对NIDDM大鼠具有降脂和增加抗氧化性的功能,还具有修复DNA损伤的作用。因此,LBP-4a作为一种可食的添加物能改善NIDDM大鼠的IR,进而预防NIDDM并发症及癌变的发生。     

中度嗜盐菌(moderate halophile)B5盐敏感和盐依赖突变菌株的筛选

B5是一株从新疆盐湖分离到的中度嗜盐球菌 ,可在 0～ 30 %的NaCl条件下生长。用固体亚硝基胍诱变该菌株 ,在选择培养基上筛选到盐敏感突变株和盐依赖突变株。并初步研究了这些突变菌株的生长特性