A distributed hydro-environmental watershed model with three-zoned cell profiling

A cell-based distributed watershed model is developed which enables us to simulate the hydrological and hydraulic aspects of the watershed in a refined fashion. With three-zoned cell profiling, the model is composed of three sub-models; tank model for a surface water zone, soil moisture model for a surface soil zone, and unconfined shallow groundwater flow model for a subsurface zone. Inclusion of the soil moisture sub-model modified to reroute the infiltration, routed from the tank sub-model, into the return flow and the groundwater recharge features the model. The groundwater flow sub-model, numerically approximated by use of the finite volume method and the implicit time-marching scheme, considers a network of on-farm drainage canals as internal boundaries, which is an essential need for modeling the watershed including farmlands. Cascade-linking of the three sub-models in a cell and assembling of all the cells over the entire watershed domain provides the global equations system to be solved. Applicability of the model is demonstrated with its practical application to a real watershed in that paddy and upland crop fields take great part of the land-use practice. It is then indicated in a quantified manner that rice farming significantly contribute as a major groundwater recharger in an irrigation period to fostering and conservation of regional water resources. Along with appropriately profiling a cell, the model is so versatile and tough that it can be applied without difficulty to a watershed of diverse terrains and land-uses and the computations can stably be carried out. It is thus concluded that the model presently developed could be a powerful “watershed simulator” to investigate and assess the time-varying hydro-environmental properties of a watershed while separating and integrating the hydrological and hydraulic components of particular importance.     

地下水-土系统中苯并三唑去除方法研究

含苯并三唑的地下水很难用常规的水污染处理方法去除,因此迫切需要探讨它在地下水-土系统中有效的去除方法。详细介绍了吸附法、光激发氧化法和生物法,并且针对这些方法应用到地下水中的可行性进行了分析。结果表明,吸附法受到环境因素的限制,并会发生缓慢的解析过程,需进一步探索和完善;光激发氧化法去除效果较好但仍处于探索阶段,需改善耗费较多人力、物力、财力的缺点。目前的生物法很难对苯并三唑进行降解,尚需要进一步的研究。     

Age estimation of different tree species using a special kind of an electrically recording resistance drill

The determination of tree age is an important issue for urban green planning, forestry and dendrology; finding non-destructive and quasi-non-destructive methods for this purpose is of great theoretical and practical importance. The resistance drilling method is quasi-non-destructive because the average diameter of an opening that remains after drilling does not exceed 3 mm. Do electrically recording resistance drills allow precise assessment of tree age? The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of determining the number of tree rings based on an examination of this special kind of drilling resistance profiles for three tree species, the pine Pinus sylvestris L., the oak Quercus robur L., and the birch Betula pendula ROTH. In 2015 and 2016, 15 pine trees, 15 oak trees, and 15 birch trees were randomly selected. For each studied tree, a measurement was conducted using the electrically recording resistance drill IML-Resi E400 with a flat-tipped 1.5/3 mm steel needle (research sample), and an increment core was taken (reference sample). The drill used was not a real Resistograph^®. The analysis of the E400-profiles underestimated the number of tree rings; the mean bias error (MBE) values were –6.5, –2.5, and –6.0 years for pine, oak, and birch, respectively. The proportion of investigated trees with less than five years difference between the research and reference samples varied from 38.4 (birch) to 66.7 (oak) percent. The accuracy of tree age determination was lowest for birch and highest for oak. The binomial generalised linear model (GLM) revealed that the most accurate tree age assessments were obtained from tree rings wider than 2 mm. The measurements clearly showed that the electrically recording resistance drill IML-Resi E400 enables a quick, although approximate, tree age assessment. Future research should concentrate on electronically regulating and recording drills, providing a higher spatial and signal resolution, and a stronger correlation to wood density.     

雌核发育草鱼的遗传结构分析和微卫星鉴别方法的建立

采用微卫星标记检测草鱼群体的遗传多样性,并根据纯合度的变化建立了雌核发育草鱼的鉴别技术。结果显示,8个位点共扩增出33个等位基因;在普通草鱼中,平均纯合度和PIC分别为0.203 1和0.552 8;在雌核发育群体中,则为0.716 1和0.357 2;2个群体间遗传相似度为0.873 3。其中,5个位点在雌核发育草鱼中纯合度明显提高,雌核发育草鱼在这5个位点的扩增总条带数为5~7个,普通草鱼则为8~10个,由此可100%区分2个草鱼群体。通过概率计算,理论鉴别概率达到99.92%。研究表明,雌核发育技术对草鱼的群体遗传结构改变较大,是快速建立纯系、固定优良性状的有效手段;根据群体遗传纯合度的改变、扩增条带数目差异,应用多态性微卫星分子标记可以简单、有效地区分雌核发育群体(或与之相似的高度近交群体)与普通群体。     

改良的DNS法测定新鲜果蔬中的糖分

用3,5-二硝基水杨酸复合显色剂,结合示差比色法,可以快速、简便地测定高含量的糖分.本文对示差比色法的条件,如显色剂的组成及其相互关系、贮放时间等进行了研究,所得结果令人满意,从而改进了Miller法.最后,作者应用这种改良法测定了文旦和甜橙果实中的总糖含量,经t检验,其测定值与采用费林法无显著差异.     

应用科技编辑方法提高稿件编辑质量的实例分析

针对科技论文中公式、图、表所占篇幅可观的特点,结合编辑工作实践,以具体的实例说明系统方法、数学方法等科技编辑方法的内涵和在科技论文编辑加工中的运用价值,以事实说明自觉运用科学的科技编辑方法,对发现稿件内容方面的差错和提高编辑业务水平切实有效。     

不同耕作方式对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

于2005～2006年在双季稻田研究了不同耕作方式对水稻生长、产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:免耕抛秧水稻根干重低于翻耕移栽稻,根系绝大部分分布在表层土壤,根系活力比翻耕处理的高,分蘖时间比翻耕移栽的早而比翻耕抛秧的迟;每公顷有效穗数略低于翻耕抛秧而高于翻耕移栽,结实率高于翻耕处理。随着免耕次数的增加,各处理产量基本持平;免耕1年有利于土壤物理性质的改善,免耕有利于土壤养分在表层土壤富集。     

乙醇浓度对六种中药多糖的累积沉积量的变化考察

为了初步了解中药多糖的组成,以便于进一步对其进行提取和纯化,实验选取六种中药,并以从中提取的多糖为研究对象,通过增加乙醇的浓度,测定多糖的累积沉积量,从此揭示二者之间的关系。所有多糖的累积沉积曲线都呈现相似的形状。此方法可以为中药多糖提取和纯化提供初步的依据。     

山茱萸多糖提取工艺优化及马钱苷含量测定

采用L（934）正交设计试验,对山茱萸浸提液中山茱萸多糖的酶水解法提取工艺进行了优化研究,并对浸提液的中有效成分马钱苷含量进行了HPLC法分析。结果表明,山茱萸多糖浸提的最佳工艺为：液料比1∶5,浸提时间4 h,浸提温度80℃,果胶酶添加量0.55 g/L。用HPLC法测定出的山茱萸浸提液中马钱苷平均含量为0.512 ...     

甜椒耐低温弱光材料筛选方法的研究

以3个不同低温弱光耐性甜椒(Capsicum annuum L.)材料为试材,研究其在不同低温弱光下幼苗生长形态与生理指标的变化差异及其成株期产量水平的差异状况。结果表明:昼夜温度15℃/5℃、光照强度4 000 lx、光照8 h、处理时间15 d是筛选甜椒耐低温弱光材料的适宜选择压力,开展度变化量是最佳的形态鉴定指标,茎粗、株高的变化量可作形态鉴定的参考指标。在此条件下,开展度以及茎粗、株高变化量的大小与材料的低温弱光耐受性的表现相一致。耐低温弱光材料茎的增粗与株的增高明显、叶片萎垂现象轻微,生长受到的抑制程度较轻,且与不耐低温弱光材料在开展度变化指标上的差异显著,易于正确地鉴定出低温弱光耐性材料。