小麦对缺铁胁迫的适应性反应

采用溶液培养法,比较正常供铁和缺铁胁迫下小麦的生理生化指标,同时设置加氧和不加氧2个处理。结果表明,完全营养液加氧处理的小麦株高和穗长最大,达到51.0cm和7.5cm。缺铁处理降低了小麦的籽粒长、籽粒宽、籽粒厚和穗粒数。正常供铁条件下,小麦植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量显著高于不供铁的小麦。加氧处理的小麦叶绿素含量高于无氧处理的小麦。根际Fe3+还原酶活性在缺铁胁迫条件下达到17.3μmol·g-1·(2h)-1。缺铁处理降低了小麦植株地上部的铁素含量,并且在加氧条件下更明显。Mn、Cu这两种元素和Fe元素之间存在某种拮抗关系。     

1～14日龄北京鸭胆碱需要量及缺乏症的初步探究

本试验旨在研究1～14日龄北京鸭胆碱需要量及胆碱缺乏病的临床学特点.试验采用单因子完全随机试验设计,将384只1日龄健康雄性北京鸭随机分成8组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸭.采用玉米-大豆分离蛋白-玉米淀粉型饲粮,各组胆碱水平分别为302、496、778、990、1 182、1 414、l 625、1 832 mg/kg.试验期为14 d.结果表明:1)饲粮胆碱水平对北京鸭平均日增重和平均日采食量有显著影响(P＜0.05),并随胆碱水平的增加而升高,在990mg/kg时达到最大;但饲粮胆碱水平对料重比没有显著影响(P＞0.05).2)饲粮中胆碱缺乏明显抑制北京鸭生长发育,各组表现出不同程度的胆碱缺乏症,表现为从腿骨无力而爬行、胫跖骨关节肿大、跛脚站立不起到死亡的变化趋势,其中302 mg/kg胆碱组最为严重;饲粮胆碱水平达到1 182 mg/kg时,胆碱缺乏症能够得到有效缓解.3)以平均日增重和平均日采食量为评定指标,采用二次曲线模型估算的1～14日龄北京鸭胆碱需要量分别为l 289和l 291 mg/kg.综合以上结果得出,饲粮胆碱缺乏显著抑制北京鸭生长发育,l ～ 14日龄北京鸭胆碱推荐量为1 300 mg/kg.     

Improve Anthocyanin and Zinc Concentration in Purple Rice by Nitrogen and Zinc Fertilizer Application

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development, and anthocyanin is a secondary metabolite compound generally produced under stress conditions; both have benefits to human health. Rice is a staple food crop for most of the world’s population, and purple rice is well known as a natural source of Zn and anthocyanins, but their stability depends upon many factors. This review focuses on the opportunity to increase Zn and anthocyanin compounds in purple rice grains via Zn and nitrogen (N) management during cultivation. Variation in grain Zn concentration and anthocyanin compounds is found among purple rice varieties, thus presenting a challenge for breeding programs aiming at high grain Zn and anthocyanin contents. Genetic engineering has successfully achieved a high-efficiency vector system comprising two regulatory genes and six structural anthocyanin-related genes driven by endosperm-specific promoters to engineer purple endosperm rice that can provide new high-anthocyanin varieties. Grain Zn and anthocyanin concentrations in rice can also be affected by environmental factors during cultivation, e.g., light, temperature, soil salinity and nutrient (fertilizer) management. Applying N and Zn fertilizer is found to influence the physiological mechanisms of Zn absorption, uptake, transport and remobilization to promote grain Zn accumulation in rice, while N application can improve anthocyanin synthesis by promoting its biosynthesis pathway via the use of phenylalanine as a precursor. In summary, there is an opportunity to improve both grain Zn and anthocyanin in purple rice by appropriate management of Zn and N fertilizers during cultivation for specific varieties.     

Nitrogen Deficiency Limited the Improvement of Photosynthesis in Maize by Elevated CO2 Under Drought

Global environmental change affects plant physiological and ecosystem processes. The interaction of elevated CO2, drought and nitrogen （N） deficiency result in complex responses of C4 species photosynthetic process that challenge our current understanding. An experiment of maize （Zea mays L.） involving CO2 concentrations （380 or 750 μmol mol1, climate chamber）, osmotic stresses （10% PEG-6000, -0.32 MPa） and nitrogen constraints （N deficiency treated since the 144th drought hour） was carried out to investigate its photosynthesis capacity and leaf nitrogen use efficiency. Elevated CO2 could alleviate drought-induced photosynthetic limitation through increasing capacity of PEPC carboxylation （Vp~,x） and decreasing stomatal limitations （SL）. The N deficiency exacerbated drought-induced photosynthesis limitations in ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 partially alleviated the limitation induced by drought and N deficiency through improving the capacity of Rubisco carboxylation （Vmax） and decreasing SL. Plants with N deficiency transported more N to their leaves at elevated CO2, leading to a high photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency but low whole-plant nitrogen-use efficiency. The stress mitigation by elevated CO2 under N deficiency conditions was not enough to improving plant N use efficiency and biomass accumulation. The study demonstrated that elevated CO2 could alleviate drought-induced photosynthesis limitation, but the alleviation varied with N supplies.     

基于网络药理学的人参、红参及黑参抗肺气虚的作用机制与物质基础研究

目的运用网络药理学研究方法探讨人参,红参及黑参抗肺气虚的作用机制与物质基础。方法①通过TCMSP并结合相关文献筛选人参,红参及黑参的化学成分和靶点;②采用人类基因数据库Gene Cards获取慢性支气管炎的相关靶点,再将疾病靶点分别与人参、红参及黑参的靶点取交集;③得到各药物和疾病的共同靶点后在STRING数据库中进行蛋白相互作用分析,利用Cytoscape软件建立药物-成分-疾病-靶点互作网络得到治疗疾病的主要有效成分;④运用计算机R语言分析技术进行GO和KEGG富集分析。结果利用TCMSP及相关文献筛选出各药物的有效成分后根据药物-成分-疾病-靶点互作网络Degree值进行排序,人参中前10种成分为人参皂苷Rh4、Rg5、山柰酚、人参皂苷Rh1、Ra2、三七皂苷R2、三七皂苷R6、人参皂苷Ra0、Ra1、Ra3;红参中前10种成分为人参皂苷Rh4、Rh1、三七皂苷R2、人参皂苷Rg2、Rb1、Rb2、Rc、Re、Rs1、β-谷甾醇;黑参前10种成分为人参皂苷Rh3、Rh4、Rk3、Rk1、Rg5、F4、20(S)-Rh2、20(R)-Rh2、Rh1、Rg3。人参、红参及黑参治疗慢性支气管炎潜在靶点分别为46、39、53个。根据Degree>15筛选得到除三者共同的靶蛋白MAPK1、MAPK8、STAT3、VEGFA、MTOR、MMP9外,还有人参的CASP3,红参的CASP8、BCL2L1,黑参的AKT1、MMP2及MAPK14。通过GO功能和KEGG通路的富集分析,根据P值分别筛选人参、红参及黑参前20个GO条目和前10个KEGG富集通路。三者的GO条目集中在磷酸酶结合、蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性、泛素蛋白连接酶结合等生物学过程;KEGG富集通路集中在PI3K-Akt信号通路、MAPK信号通路、流体剪切应力和动脉粥样硬化信号通路、Th17细胞分化等信号通路。结论本文初步阐释了人参、红参及黑参抗肺气虚的作用机制及物质基础。并且根据活性成分及作用机制推测治疗作用黑参>红参>人参。三者可能通过机体免疫应答、炎症反应及细胞增殖与凋亡等生物学过程治疗慢性支气管炎,从而缓解肺气虚证的临床症状,体现出多通路、多靶点的特点。     

实验性猪缺硒病的病理形态学观察

用低硒地区所产饲料作为基础日粮，以妊娠母猪和初生仔猪为实验猪，通过肉眼观察和组织学变化得知，硒缺乏病病理变化具有规律性。其中初生仔猪的骨骼肌具有全身肌肉群呈弥散性变性变化，主要特点是肌肉苍白呈鱼肉样。哺乳仔猪的骨骼肌，病变出现的肌群广泛，受害面积大，可为某一肌群的全部或某一肌群的某块肌肉出现灰白色条纹状病变。病变出现的范围不同，可能是不同月份的个体与硒的耐受力有关。     

实验性脾虚证大鼠肝脏和肌肉组织中糖原变化的组织学观察

将45只大白鼠随机分成对照组、脾虚模型组及治疗组,每组15只。以利血平(1mg/kg·d)复制大白鼠脾虚证模型,四君子汤辅助治疗,在实验进行至第7天和第14天分别捕杀各组大白鼠,取肝脏、肌肉组织,用组织化学方法测定在不同组间和不同实验阶段其中糖原的变化。结果,在第7天时,脾虚组和治疗组糖原含量明显低于正常对照组,第14天时,与正常对照组相比较,脾虚组和治疗组糖原含量显著升高,且脾虚组糖原含量较其它两组高,提示肝脏和肌肉组织中糖原的变化可能是脾虚证发生发展的重要指标。     

Influence of dolomitic limestone and N:P:K: Fertilization on the mineral composition of coastal bermudagrass grown under very acid soil conditions

Abstract

The influence of limestone and N:P:K fertilizer rates on elemental composition of Coastal bermudagrass forage was determined to evaluate causes for high yield responses to dolomitic limestone at high N:P:K rates, as well as severe stand loss, and chlorosis of bermudagrass in the unlimed treatments. Increasing N:P:K fertilization resulted in severe Mg deficiency. Maximum yields (when limed with dolomitic limestone) were associated with Mg concentrations of 1.0 g/kg plant tops. Magnesium lost to plant removal, Mg loss to enhanced leaching under N fertilization, and K interference associated with excess K accumulation at high rates of NK inputs all contributed to Mg deficiency. However, the accumulation of excess K, which interfered with Mg uptake when high rates of N and K were applied, was considered to be the primary cause of the observed Mg deficiency.     

缺硼条件下两种不同砧木“纽荷尔”脐橙矿质元素含量变化的比较

采用溶液培养试验,研究了缺硼对两种不同砧木纽荷尔脐橙硼、锌、钙、镁和钾元素含量变化。结果表明,缺硼显著降低了枳壳砧木纽荷尔脐橙体内硼含量而对锌含量影响不大; 相反,缺硼对枳橙砧木脐橙体内硼含量的影响不是很大,而显著降低了其叶片中锌的含量。这可能是缺硼条件下枳壳砧木脐橙容易出现缺硼症状,而枳橙砧木脐橙容易出现缺锌症状的原因之一。与对照相比,缺硼处理的枳壳砧木脐橙叶的钙含量明显增加; 而根的钾含量明显高于枳橙砧木橙根。这些结果与枳壳砧木脐橙对硼更敏感有一定的关系。缺硼对镁含量的影响两种砧木间基本没有差异。     

Irrigation and Zn fertilizer management improves Zn phyto‐availability in various rice production systems

Zinc (Zn) is an important micronutrient for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and its deficiency has been observed in various production systems. High grain Zn concentration is equally important for high rice yield and human health. In this work, the effects of Zn fertilization on seedling growth, grain yield, grain Zn concentration, and their association with root traits were studied under alternate wetting and drying (AWD), aerobic rice (AR), system of rice intensification (SRI), and continuous flooding (CF). Zinc fertilization (15 kg ha^?1) improved nursery seedlings chlorophyll and Zn concentrations, root length, and number of roots with highest values observed in CF. At harvesting, maximum plant height, panicle length, total and panicle bearing tillers, and kernel yield were found with Zn addition in AWD and CF rice systems. Mid season drainage provided at maximum tillering and Zn fertilization increased its concentration in leaves, culms, panicles, and grains under CF and AR at physiological maturity. Most of Zn applied was allocated into culms and panicles, nevertheless, a significant increase in grain Zn concentration was also observed in all production systems. Association of leaf Zn with grain Zn concentration was stronger than with culm and panicle Zn. The results indicate that Zn application after rice nursery transplanting is more important for grain Zn enrichment in all rice systems than for increase in grain yield in all systems except AWD where grain yield was also increased. More grain yield in CF and AWD as compared to SRI and AR can also be attributed to decreased spikelet sterility and to better Zn phyto‐availability in these rice systems at physiological maturity.