The occurrence of summer mastitis in Jutland (Denmark) in relation to meteorological factors

Data for incidence of summer mastitis in 14 veterinary practices in Jutland (Denmark) were related to meteorological factors using statistical methods. A correlation and regression analysis showed that summer mastitis occurred earlier in years with high temperature and precipitation in early summer. The annual number of cases markedly increased over the years 1953 to 1980. This increase was described by applying a linear increase with with year to a logarithmic transformation of the annual incidence.Analysis of 10-day incidences from the veterinary practices and daily incidence from a test site at St. Vildmose (Jutland) showed that incidence of summer mastitis could be related to temperature and wind velocity within the previous 10 days. High temperature and low wind velocity in this period increase the incidence. This indicates that the incubation period of summer mastitis is at maximum about 10 days. The activity of the fly (Hydrotaea irritans Fall), which acts as mechanical vector for the bacteria is influenced by temperature and wind velocity. This may explain the variation in incidence of summer mastitis during the season and from year to year.     

蛋白结晶技术在病毒学中的应用

病毒及其亚单位蛋白的三维结构 (3 D)解析是认识病毒蛋白功能的有力手段。对病毒结构的认识正经历着病毒粒子电镜结构、纳米水平的精细结构及病毒组成蛋白原子水平 3 D结构的变化。晶体的 X射线衍射技术可在原子水平上认识病毒蛋白的结构。这为从结构生物学的角度认识病毒复制、病毒粒子的装配、病毒的致病与免疫机理及抗病毒药物设计提供了技术平台     

Effects of Vegetation Stems on Hydraulics of Overland Flow Under Varying Water Discharges

Vegetation plays an important role in soil erosion control, but few studies have been performed to quantify the effects of vegetation stems on hydraulics of overland flow. Laboratory flume experiments were conducted to investigate the potential effects of vegetation stems on Reynolds number, Froude number, flow velocity and hydraulic resistance of silt‐laden overland flow. Cylinders with diameter D of 2·0, 3·2 and 4·0 × 10⁻² m were glued onto the flume bed to simulate the vegetation stems, and a bare slope was used as control. The flow discharge varied from 0·5 to 1·5 × 10⁻³ m³ s⁻¹ and slope gradient was 9°. Results showed that Reynolds number on vegetated slope was significantly higher than that on bare slope because of the effect of vegetation stems on effective flow width. All the flows were supercritical flow, but Froude number decreased as D increased, implying a decrease in runoff ability to carry sediment. The mean flow velocity also decreased with D, while the velocity profile became steeper, and no significant differences were found in surface flow velocities among longitudinal sections on all slopes. Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient increased with D, implying that the energy consumption of overland flow on hydraulic resistance increased. Reynolds number was not a unique predictor of hydraulic roughness on vegetated slopes. The total resistance on vegetated slopes was partitioned into grain resistance and vegetation resistance, and vegetation resistance accounted for almost 80% of the total resistance and was the dominant roughness element. Further studies are needed to extend and apply the insights obtained under controlled conditions to actual overland flow conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maximum slat width for cooling efficiency of horticultural produce in wooden crates

The influence of wood package design on airflow distribution was investigated for forced-air cooling using horticultural produce simulators. The position of grooves on the container walls was tested using slat width of 100–200 mm and airflow rates ranging from 0.0005 to 0.003 m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻¹. The package opening configurations were compared based on their impact on the energy added to the system using a methodology previously developed. For this purpose, apples and sweet corns were taken as examples of produce from two different extremes in the respiration activity range. For airflow rates as low as 0.0005 m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻¹one groove at the bottom of the container produced a cooling process more uniform than the other one-groove configurations and even two grooves because of natural convection effect. If packing low respiration rate produce, increasing airflow rate could compromise the process energy efficiency because of air circulation obstruction for less vented containers. For high respiration rate produce enlarging open area above 2.4% would be recommended rather than increasing airflow rate to enhance cooling energy efficiency.     

Numerical Simulation of Berthing Velocity of the Ship

Based on the field data of berthing velocity for the ship (10000t-50000t), the berthing velocities have been numerically simulated by using Monte Carlo method in this paper. After statistical tests, it shows that the maximum values of the berthing velocity follow a Gumber distribution and the probability curves of failure for the means of maximum values are also obtained. The present results have been compared with the ones determined by specification of harbor engineering both at home and abroad.     

Quantitative study on solid slag film’s crystallinity of mould fluxes by using DSC method

The method to determine the crystallinity of solid slag film is established by analyzing the DSC curve of solid slag film and corresponding quenched slag. The accuracy of the method is investigated by measurements of prepared samples whose crystallinity is given. In addition, the solid slag films of mold slags used to cast medium carbon steel and low carbon steel are obtained by heat flux simulator in laboratory, and the crystallinity of the two kinds of slag film are also measured by DSC method. Experimental results indicates that the crystallinity of solid slag film can be determined by comparing the crystallization enthalpy of solid slag film and corresponding quenched slag during heating process, and the relative error is within 5.03%. For medium carbon steel, the crystalline fraction of solid slag film is 88.6%, while the crystalline fraction of solid slag film corresponding to low carbon steel is 55.0%. The results are consistent with actual structure of solid slag films.     

孵化机内温度场与风速场的实验分析

对9JF(C)—168型孵化机蛋位区风速场、温度场测试数据进行统计计算,分析了风速场与温度场变化状况及其相互间的关系,建立了蛋位区各点的温度及其均方差与风速间的定量关系式,可通过风速场测量来间接地研究测试难度较大的温度场问题。     

基于粒子图像测速技术的液力变矩器涡轮内流场测试与分析

液力变矩器是自动变速器的主要部件,其在乘用车、载重汽车、公共汽车和机车上的应用广泛。液力变矩器内部流动特性影响其外部性能,为了深入研究其内部流动特性,基于粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术对液力变矩器涡轮内流场进行试验研究。采用帧频为1 000帧/s的CCD高速相机,在不同工况下(输入与输出的转速比分别取0、0.3、0.5、0.7)采集不同粒子直径、不同粒子浓度下的流动图像,经过图像预处理,对连续两帧图像进行互相关计算,获得涡轮径向切面的速度场和涡量场。通过对流场分布结构和流动区域上复杂流动现象的对比分析,发现投入流场中粒子浓度越高(1 500mL蒸馏水中投入2.4 g粒子)、粒子直径越小(10μm)时,识别并提取流动区域上的流动参数越丰富,流速场和涡量场信息越可靠。液力变矩器内部高梯度流场分布结构和非均匀流速场分布导致出现多尺度涡旋和反向流等复杂流动现象,造成液力变矩器内部流动能量损耗,随转速比提高,涡轮流场结构趋于规律,能耗逐渐降低。该文试验测量与分析结果对于液力变矩器结构优化和性能提升提供了参考。     

基于FLUENT的歧管式催化器流场仿真分析

通过数值模拟和试验验证,分析岐管式催化器内部气流的速度场、压力场和气流分布状态。结果表明,随入口流量的增大,岐管式催化器内部气流流速增大、压力损失增大、径向分布的均匀性降低;气流的径向分布不同于常规催化器集中于轴线的轴对称形式,而是呈多中心分散状态,均匀性较常规催化器提高。     

两行一带式乔木固沙林带风速流场和防风效果风洞试验

研究在风速为10和15 m·s<'-1>的风洞试验条件下,覆盖度为20%和25%的3种两行一带模式固沙林内的水平和垂直方向的风速变化情况,以期对3种模式的风速流场和防风效果进行比较分析.结果表明:3种配置模式在0.31H高度形成了风影区和风速加速区相互组合的复杂流场结构,覆盖度25%的两行一带模式的防风效果高于覆盖度20%的两行一带模式.3种模式在不同高度的风速变化规律相同,可划分为3层:微变化层(1.54H和2H)、显著变化层(0.46H和0.92H)和稳定变化层(0.06～0.12H)3个层次.3种模式降低风速的效果为:D=4H(H为带间距)L=4 cm(L为行距)模式大于D=5H,L=0.08 m模式和覆盖度20%(D=5H,L=0.04 m),后2种模式相同.