不同草地利用方式对土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷的影响

以青海省共和县塔拉滩封育芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)草原、过牧芨芨草草原、取土坑、人工草地和农田为研究对象,对不同利用方式及不同深度下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量进行了分析研究。结果表明:0～10cm和10～20cm土层土壤有机碳含量顺序均为封育芨芨草草原>退化过牧芨芨草草原>取土坑>农田>人工草地,说明退化和开垦均导致表层土壤有机碳含量的下降。在同一土层内,农田和人工草地(退耕地)的有机碳含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。在0～10,10～20和20～40cm的3个土层,农田的全氮含量最高,人工草地次之,主要是由于人为施加氮肥和翻压枯草等因素造成,取土坑的全氮含量最低;同时,0～40cm的土层,封育芨芨草草原的土壤全氮含量高于退化过牧芨芨草草原,40～80cm的土层,封育芨芨草草原的土壤全氮含量低于退化过牧芨芨草草原,说明封育使土壤上层的全氮含量增加,而草原退化导致氮向下层转移。全磷含量的变化规律与全氮相似。各草地的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量随土壤深度增加而下降。     

一种土壤改良调理剂的改良效果及对牧草生产的影响

研究微生菌生态素对土壤改良和牧草产质的影响,田间试验结果表明:微生菌生态素能在一定程度上增加牧草产量,改善牧草品质,促进牧草分蘖,其中,产量比对照平均提高2.67%,粗蛋白含量平均提高7.78%,粗纤维含量平均下降5.27%,分蘖数平均增加7.97%,株高平均提高7.37%,以施微生菌生态素0.5kg/667m2和施尿素65kg/667m2处理最好。     

基于新农村建设中水土保持问题的探讨——以贵州岩溶山区为例

贵州岩溶地区水土流失的因素别有人口压力过大,自然灾害严重,矿产资源的不合理开采,森林覆盖率低,当地干部群众认识不足,文章从岩溶山区水土保持生态环境特征进行分析,指出水土流失是制约全面推进建设社会主义新农村建设的主要问题之一.     

岩土计算中的弾塑性理论

岩土工程计算是一个复杂的系统工程,它涉及面广,包括高等数学、数值分析、计算机程序、弾塑性力学和岩土力学与工程等等学科知识.本文着重对该计算中所涉及到的主要弾塑性理论加以阐述,并讨论岩土计算中还有待于深入研究的部分课题.     

Interaction Between Plant Roots and Soil Water Flow in Response to Preferential Flow Paths in Northern China

Preferential flow is expected to provide preferential channels for plant root growth and variations in soil water flow, but few studies were conducted to imply the impacts of these changes, particularly for preferential flow in stony soils. This study aimed to characterize soil water flow and plant root distribution in response to preferential flow paths and quantitatively describe the relation between plant root distribution and soil water flow. Field dye‐tracing experiments centered on experimental plants were conducted to determine the root length density and soil water flow process. Laboratory analyses were performed to characterize changes in the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent and the degree of interaction between plant roots and soil water flow. The amount of fine plant roots with preferential flow paths decreased with increasing soil depth for all experimental plots. The largest plant roots were recorded in the upper soil layers to a depth of 20 cm. The relative concentration of the accumulated effluent increased with time and decreased with soil depth under saturated soil conditions, whereas a distinct early turning point for the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent was observed in the 0–20‐cm soil columns, and the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent initially decreased and then increased with time under unsaturated soil conditions. This study provides quantitative information with which to characterize the interaction between plant roots and soil water flow in response to preferential flow paths in soil–plant–water systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phosphorus availability of sewage sludge‐based fertilizers determined by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique

The plant‐availability of phosphorus (P) in fertilizers and soil can strongly influence the yield of agricultural crops. However, there are no methods to efficiently and satisfactorily analyze the plant‐availability of P in sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers except by undertaking time‐consuming and complex pot or field experiments. We employed the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique to quantify the plant P availability of various types of P fertilizers with a novel focus on sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers. Mixtures of fertilizer and soil were incubated for 3 weeks at 60% water holding capacity. DGT devices were deployed at the beginning of the incubation and again after 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Two weeks of incubation were sufficient for the formation of plant‐available P in the fertilizer/soil mixtures. In a pot experiment, the DGT technique predicted maize (Zea mays L.) biomass yield and P uptake significantly more accurately than standard chemical extraction tests for P fertilizers (e.g ., water, citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate). Therefore, the DGT technique can be recommended as a reliable and robust method to screen the performance of different types of sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers for maize cultivation minimizing the need for time‐consuming and costly pot or field experiments.     

不同林型土壤有机碳及腐殖质组成的分布特征

为探讨不同类型人工固沙林下土壤有机碳的差异,以辽宁省章古台沙地5种林型下土壤为研究对象,运用统计学的方法对0—5,5—10,10—20,20—40cm土层有机碳、全氮、腐殖质组分分布特征进行比较分析。结果表明:在各林型0—40cm土层上,土壤有机碳含量变化特征为樟子松纯林(4.72g/kg)怀槐樟子松(4.48g/kg)榆树樟子松(4.38g/kg)云杉樟子松(4.21g/kg)杨树纯林(3.95g/kg)对照(1.88g/kg);有机碳储量表现为怀槐樟子松(20.00t/hm~2)樟子松纯林(19.92t/hm~2)榆树樟子松(19.06t/hm~2)云杉樟子松(17.31t/hm~2)杨树纯林(16.61t/hm~2)对照(8.44t/hm~2);经腐殖质组分分析发现土壤腐殖质碳含量表现为云杉樟子松(2.04g/kg)榆树樟子松(1.93g/kg)樟子松纯林(1.74g/kg)杨树纯林(1.65g/kg)怀槐樟子松(1.58g/kg)对照(0.75g/kg)。各林型土壤有机碳含量与全氮、腐殖质碳、胡敏酸、富里酸均呈极显著的正相关关系。     

绿洲农区土壤资源数据库的建立——以河西走廊临泽样区为例

以河西走廊临泽样区为例 ,应用 Microsoft Access97建立基于 Windows平台的绿洲农区土壤资源 (土系 )数据库 ,为干旱地区 (特别是绿洲 )土壤资源的合理利用与管理、农业合理布局、农用土地土壤质量评价、田间养分管理中的应用问题等方面提供理论依据     

小麦矮化腥黑穗病菌侵染能力的研究

中美专家合作在美国犹他州对小麦矮化腥黑穗病菌的侵染能力进行了研究。试验采用不含抗病基因的小麦品种Cheyanne,播种前用溴甲烷对试验小区进行了熏蒸。接种物为含有多种致病型的冬孢子悬浮液,采用土壤表面喷洒冬孢子悬浮液的方法进行接种,接种密度为每cm20、0.88、8.84、88.45、884.49、8844.89、88449个孢子。结果表明,接种密度为每cm20.88个孢子时即可产生0.21％的穗发病率。对试验数据进行分析后表明,小麦矮化腥黑穗病菌的侵染规律符合侵染概率理论,在本试验条件下,单个孢子的侵染概率为0.0002。     

Vegetation fractional coverage change in a typical oasis region in Tarim River Watershed based on remote sensing

Vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system.The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing(RS).In this paper,the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers,which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed.The current study was based on the TM/ETM+ images of 1989,2001,and 2006,and supported by Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis,vegetation index,and dimidiate pixel model.In addition,VBSI(vegetation,bare soil and shadow indices) suitable for TM/ETM+ images,constructed with FCD(forest canopy density) model principle and put forward by ITTO(International Tropical Timber Organization),was used,and it was applied to estimate the VFC.The estimation accuracy was later proven to be up to 83.52%.Further,the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis.Forest,grassland,and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage,and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation.The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area,whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change.Therefore,planting trees,protecting grasslands,reclaiming farmlands,and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage.Finally,the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover digital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.