分子连锁图与家蚕育种

本文概要介绍QTL概念、分子标记及其分子图的构建方法,通过大量的动植物QTL定位取得的成绩以及家蚕分子标记和分子图研究现状的阐述,展望了家蚕分子育种的前景。     

Feline gingivitis

AIM: To discover whether cross infection between red deer (Cervus elaphus) and cattle is possible with either a bovine isolate of the cattle lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, or with a cervine isolate of the lungworm, Dictyocaulus eckerti.

METHOD: Twelve cattle and 12 red deer were reared parasitefree from birth. At 3–4 months of age, half of each group (n=6) were experimentally infected with D. viviparus and the other half with D. eckerti. The course of infection was monitored for 34 days, after which the animals were slaughtered and the lungs removed to assess levels of infection.

RESULTS: Faecal larval counts demonstrated that patent Dictyocaulus infections occurred in all groups. At necropsy, adult worms were found in the lungs in all groups except the cattle that were infected with D. eckerti. The largest numbers of adult worms were found in the lungs of the red deer infected with D. eckerti.

CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that both cattle and red deer could be infected with either D. viviparus or D. eckerti. However, D. eckerti larvae that originated from deer established more successfully in deer and D. viviparus larvae that originated from cattle established more successfully in cattle.     

草地早熟禾的选育研究与利用

内蒙古畜牧科学院草原所自 1985年以来 ,对从荷兰、美国、瑞典等国家引进的草地早熟禾 11个品种和国内采集的野生种进行了引种驯化 ,筛选出了瓦巴斯、凯达布鲁克茅 2个品种适应内蒙古地区的气候特点 ,是适宜推广种植的优良品种。利用国内野生种采用单株选择方法培育出了大青山草地早熟禾品种 ,它较原始群体抗性增强 ,叶量增加。目前已有较大的推广利用面积     

Lactation-related mammary gland pathologies—A neglected emergency in the bitch

Mastitis is a common reproductive disorder in bitches, reaching a prevalence of 0.71%. Mastitis has a wide range of forms, from asymptomatic to severe gangrenous mastitis that can lead to septic shock and death of the bitch and nurslings. However, most of the time it is overlooked, undiagnosed or mistreated. The present systematic review was performed to revise and summarize the existing knowledge related to this disorder, including diagnosis, treatment and prevention.     

长爪沙鼠生长与繁殖性能的主要指标测定

目的:探讨在普通级环境下饲养的长爪沙鼠的饲养管理、生长发育及繁殖等情况。方法:观测长爪沙鼠的饲养管理方法,记录0-12周的生长发育情况,统计1～5胎的初生个体重、窝产仔数、窝重和离乳重,测定成年长爪沙鼠主要脏器的重量、脏器重量/体重的比值。结果表明:在普通级环境下饲养的长爪沙鼠初生体重为2.8～3.2g,窝产仔4～9只,3～8周龄体重增长快,5周龄开始雌雄体重有显著性差异(P<0.05)繁殖性能好。     

《烟草育种学》课程教学改革的实践探索

河南农业大学烟草育种课程组全体教师对《烟草育种学》的教学内容、教学方式和考核形式进行了系列改革。近年来的教学实践表明,这些改革措施充分调动了学生学习的主动性,达到了改善教学质量的效果,为高等农业院校该课程的教学提供一定的参考。     

秀山土鸡种质资源调查

重庆市秀山土家族苗族自治县位于渝东南片区,地处武陵山脉中段,为渝、鄂、湘、黔边区结合部。由于独特的地理环境,具有丰富的自然资源,也形成了一些特有的地方畜禽资源,如秀山土鸡等,其以耐粗饲、抗病力强、适应性好、肉质细嫩、肉味鲜美、滋补性强等特点而备受消费者的青睐。秀山土鸡成年公/母鸡的体重、体斜长、胫长、屠宰率分别为（2350±200）g/（1760±130）g、（19.90±0.76）cm/（18.13±0.64）cm、（11.80±0.41）cm/（10.19±0.32）cm、（87.53%±1.39%）/（87.67%±0.55%）;母鸡的年产蛋量、蛋重和蛋形指数分别为：130～150枚、（45.10±4.97）g、（1.31±0.09）。针对秀山土鸡的生产状况和生产性能,提出了相应的保种和选育方案。     

中国驴品种资源现状及其分子遗传育种研究进展

驴是中国一个古老畜种,对不良环境适应性强,耐粗饲、抗病力强,一直是役、驮、乘、肉、药多用资源之一。但随着农业机械化、运输业快速发展及人民生活水平提高,近些年来驴品种资源整体面临着种质资源退化、种群数量和质量显著下降等问题。本文针对我国驴品种资源概况、保护利用现状、存在问题及其分子遗传育种研究进展进行综述,以期为驴品种资源的保护及开发利用提供参考。     

Adverse impact of industrial animal agriculture on the health and welfare of farmed animals

Industrial animal agriculture is grounded in the concept of maximizing productivity and profit. Selective breeding for maximum productivity in one characteristic of the animal (e.g. milk yield in cows, or breast meat in broiler chickens) has resulted in genotypes and phenotypes that may predispose the animals to poor health and welfare. The conditions in which these individuals are kept may also frustrate many inherited behaviors that they are strongly motivated to perform. In order to curb the resulting harmful aberrant behaviors, such as feather‐pecking in chickens, we sometimes resort to mutilating the animals. In many places chickens are routinely de‐beaked by means of a hot metal guillotine. Compassion in World Farming (an international organization that promotes the humane treatment of farm animals) believes that it is unethical to treat sentient beings in such ways. We have a duty to respect farm animals' sentience by providing them with housing conditions that take their needs and wants into account, and by reverting to the use of dual‐purpose, slower‐growing breeds that have the potential for good welfare. Alternatives to current farming practices are available, and we owe it to the animals, and to our consciences, to pursue them.     

Genetic parameter estimation and gene association analyses for meat quality traits in open-air free-range Iberian pigs

Meat quality of Iberian pigs is defined by the combination of their genetic characteristics and the particular production system. To carry out a genetic analysis of the main meat quality traits, we estimated their heritabilities, genetic correlations and the association effects of 32 selected SNPs of 12 candidate genes. A total of ten traits were measured in longissimus dorsi samples from 1,199 Iberian pigs fattened in the traditional free-range system: water holding capacity (thawing, cooking and centrifuge force water losses), instrumental colour (lightness L*, redness a* and yellowness b*), myoglobin content, shear force on cooked meat, and shear force and maximum compression force on dry-cured loin. Estimated heritability values were low to moderate (0.01 to 0.43) being the lowest for L* and the highest for cooking loss. Strong genetic correlations between water holding capacity traits (0.93 to 0.96) and between myoglobin content and a* (0.94) were observed. The association analyses revealed 19 SNPs significantly associated with different traits. Consistent and strong effects were observed between PRKAG3 SNPs (rs319678464G > C and rs330427832C > T), MYH3_rs81437544T > C, CASP3_rs319658214G > T and CTSL_rs332171512A > G and water losses. Also for CAPN1_rs81358667G > A and CASP3_rs319658214G > T and shear force. The SNPs mapping on PRKAG3 showed the highest effects on Minolta colour traits. Genotyping of these SNPs could be useful for the selection of Iberian young boars with similar estimated breeding values for productive traits.