鲁西南地区果树需冷量的研究

2000～2001年,采用Utah加权模型,先后对鲁西南地区常见的葡萄、桃和油桃、杏品种的需冷量进行了研究。结果表明:不同树种、品种的需冷量差异显著。葡萄的需冷量最高,为1010～1840c.u。桃和油桃最低,花芽为620～910c.u,叶芽为500～890c.u。杏介于二者之间,花芽和叶芽均为790～910c.u。各树种、品种的需冷量年际间均有差异。葡葡、杏不同品种需冷量的高低与本品种果实成熟期早晚的关系表现为成熟期早,需冷量低;成熟期晚,需冷量高。但桃树不同品种的需冷量高低与本品种的果实成熟期无明显相关关系,果实成熟期早,但需冷量较高的情况普遍存在。同一品种其花芽、叶芽的需冷量不一,基本趋势是花芽的需冷量高于叶芽。     

Effect of air temperature, rain and drought on hot water weed control

The influence of rain and drought before, and air temperature during, weed control with hot water was studied in laboratory experiments on the test weed Sinapis alba (white mustard). The plants were grown in a greenhouse and treated outdoors. There was no difference in weed control effect when S. alba plants at the four‐leaf stage were treated at the air temperatures 7°C and 18^°C. The effective energy dose for a 90% fresh weight reduction was 465 kJ m^?2 for both air temperatures. Weed control of S. alba at the four‐ to six‐leaf stage in rainfall above the rainwater run‐off level increased the required effective energy dose by 20% (i.e. 120 kJ m^?2) compared with dry plants. A short period of drought just before treatment on S. alba at the two‐ to four‐leaf stage increased the plant fresh weight reduction, which was 22% at low energy dose (190 kJ m^?2) and 44% at high energy dose (360 kJ m^?2). Hot water weed control should thus be carried out when the plants are drought stressed and avoided when the plants are wet. The air temperature seems to be of little importance in the range 7–18^°C.     

喀喇昆仑山盖孜河水文水资源特性分析

喀喇昆仑山河流自有水文资料记载以来 ,近 10年洪灾发生频率明显高于以往 ,人民的生命财产损失程度也大幅度增加。在分析了盖孜河流域的径流及气候多年变化过程后 ,认为洪灾频发的原因是近年来流域内降水及气温呈上升趋势 ,导致高山冰川退缩 ,河流径流增加 ,洪灾增大、频率增高 ;小区域多年气候变化过程从侧面印证了我国西北地区气候由暖干向暖湿变化。     

Weed:spring barley competition for applied nitrogen in pig slurry

Summary The experiments were carried out in the two spring barley fields of the organic six-course cattle:crop rotation at Foulumgaard, Denmark. The weed density was 300 and 1800 plants m⁻² respectively. Pig slurry was applied by hand in microplots by four methods: broadcasting followed by incorporation, or injected in bands to depths of 5, 10 or 15 cm. Spring barley and weeds were sampled separately six times during the tillering and elongation phase of the spring barley. The effect of application method on dry-matter (d.m.) production, nitrogen uptake and recovery of applied nitrogen in the spring barley and the weeds is reported. Slurry banding halved the weed d.m. and weed N uptake compared with broadcasting, irrespective of weed density. Weeds recovered up to 12% of the applied nitrogen, which made them a significant competitor when the slurry was broadcast and incorporated. Banding by direct injection reduced the slurry:soil contact and the weed:crop competition balance for applied nitrogen moved in favour of the crop. Thus, the crop recovery of applied nitrogen at the end of the sampling period was increased from approximately 45% for broadcast and incorporated to approximately 50% for injected slurry, and coincidental weed recovery was reduced to a maximum of 5%. As the nitrogen supply normally affects plant d.m. production, banding of slurry might well improve crop competitiveness and its tolerance to mechanical weed control.     

果树转基因研究进展与产业化展望

综合有关文献归纳了15年来果树转基因研究成果,其中包括:(1)已实现转基因的果树种类,目前世界和我国的大宗水果苹果、柑橘、梨、桃、葡萄、香蕉、猕猴桃和草莓等均已成功实现遗传转化;(2)通过转基因改变的农艺学性状类型,如抗病虫、抗逆、提高果实贮藏性能、缩短童期和改善果实品质等;(3)对几个重要的遗传转化研究实例作了具体介绍。同时还阐述了转基因果树产业化现状和大田试验现状,探讨了转基因果树产业化进程滞后的原因和发展前景以及促进果树产业化发展可采取的一些策略。     

桃品种需冷量评价模式的探讨

 通过1986～2001年对450余份桃品种需冷量的7．2℃模式、0～7．2℃模式(不包括0℃)和犹它模式比较分析，归纳出桃品种需冷量的评价模式为：以秋季日平均温度稳定低于7．2~C的日期为需冷量测定的起点，以0～7．2℃累积低温值作为需冷量的评价标准比较适宜；犹它模式在中需冷量和长需冷量范围内能有效预测休眠的结束，而不适宜低需冷量品种的测定；7．2℃模式不适宜作为需冷量的评价模式。品种的需冷量与叶芽开放和始花期的相关系数分别为0．52和0．58，均达到极显著水平。提出了桃品种需冷量评价的系列标准参照品种。     

优质牦牛肉肉质的综合评价

2000-2002年对大通牛场40头6月龄不同性别的全哺乳牦牛的肉质进行了综合评价。对供试牦牛肌肉pH、嫩度、肌纤维细度、系水率、肉的贮存损失、肉的煮熟时间、熟肉率和烹饪损失率及肉色等进行了评价，分析了肌肉的化学成分，氨基酸及微量元素含量。结果表明该牦牛肉系水率强，肉的煮熟时间短，肉的贮存损失及烹饪损失较小，肌纤维较细，肉色深红。并具有蛋白质含量高，脂肪含量低及富含各种氨基酸的特点。     

茭儿菜(野茭白)的生物学特性

茭儿菜 ,别名野茭白、野茭瓜 ,属禾本科菰属。须根系 ,茎分地上茎和地下茎 ,叶分叶鞘和叶片两部分 ,圆锥状花序 ;茭儿菜在春季发芽、生根 ,随温度升高生长加快 ,夏、秋季抽穗、开花、结实 ;以地下匍匐茎和地上茎作为繁殖材料 ,生长发育对环境条件的要求 :适温范围 10～ 2 8℃ ,生长期间不能缺水 ,需 2 5～ 5 0cm深厚土层 ,以粘壤土或壤土为宜 ,生长期间需要充足的阳光 ,不耐遮荫     

棉花调亏灌溉的生理基础研究

以盆栽棉花为材料,通过苗期和现蕾期不同程度的亏水处理(低、中、高三个水平),对调亏灌溉节水效应及生理机制进行了研究。结果表明:适时适度的水分亏缺可使植株旺盛的营养生长得以有效控制,株型和根冠比都更为理想。调亏期间,蒸腾速率和气孔导度都明显下降,而光合速率下降不明显,复水后光合速率和气孔导度明显恢复且接近或高于对照;此外,水分亏缺不仅影响棉桃的数量,而且影响单果重。表明适度的亏水处理可使水分利用效率明显提高,而经济产量接近或高于对照,同时节水20%以上。     

利用人工增雨为农田需水服务的信息系统框架

针对我国北方地区水资源严重短缺、农田水分供需矛盾日益尖锐的现状 ,提出了首选人工增雨为农田补水的思路 ,并初步设计了一个利用人工增雨为农田需水服务的农田需水信息系统框架。