河北清苑县及周边农田土壤及农作物中重金属污染状况与分析评价

在河北省地质调查院1：250000多目标区域地球化学调查的研究基础上,对河北省清苑县及周边的农田土壤及玉米子实进行了采样分析,分析该地区农田土壤重金属的富集程度,并采用富集因子法和单因子土壤污染指数法进行污染状况评价。结果表明,该研究区土壤以重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd污染最为严重,其中Cd污染已达显著富集程度;通过对子实重金属含量的描述统计显示,其农产品也受到一定程度的重金属污染,其中玉米子实中的重金属Ni和Pb存在超标现象。通过地统计学方法分析揭示了清苑县土壤重金属中污染严重的Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb的空间分布特征,并探索其主要成因。     

洱海流域北部农田养分平衡及残留特性研究

为减少农田氮磷流失,改善洱海水质、遏制富营养化发展,以洱海流域北部8个乡（镇）为研究区域,采用现场调查与分析测试相结合的方法研究了洱海流域北部10种典型轮作模式的施肥量、作物养分吸收量、农田养分盈余量以及土壤养分残留状况,对不同轮作模式农田养分平衡及残留特性进行了分析评价。结果表明,水稻-大蒜轮作模式下有机肥和氮肥的投入量显著高于其他模式,水稻-蔬菜作物轮作模式的磷肥投入量显著高于其他模式;不同轮作模式间土壤养分残留差异性以硝态氮最为突出：水稻-大蒜轮作条件下土壤硝态氮残留量达43.4mg.kg-1,明显高于其他轮作模式;10种轮作模式均处于养分盈余状态,以水稻-大蒜轮作模式养分盈余量最大,为1258.8kgN.hm-2和1472.7kgP2O5.hm-2;养分盈余量差异主要凸现在小春季作物上;土壤中易流失的硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷与氮磷肥的投入量和养分盈余均呈显著相关。表明水稻-大蒜和水稻-蔬菜轮作是洱海流域农田环境污染风险较高的种植模式,需要重点防控。     

免耕对华北地区潮土碳库特征的影响

以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦-夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,系统研究免耕条件下土壤总碳(TC)、有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对华北地区潮土碳库的影响提供数据支持。研究设置免耕秸秆覆盖(NTRC)、免耕施用有机肥(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析表层(0-20cm)及深层(20-60cm)土壤TC、SOC及SIC的变化特征和影响因素。主要结果为:NTRC和NTRR能够增加0-20cm土层TC含量及储量,但降低20-60cm土层TC含量及储量,0-60cm总碳储量表现为NTRC>CT>NTRR;与CT相比,NTRC能够显著增加0-20cm而降低20-60cm土层SOC含量及储量,NTRR增加了0-5cm土层SOC含量及储量,在5-60cm则呈降低趋势,0-60cm土层SOC储量表现为CT>NTRC>NTRR;NTRC增加了0-60cm土层SIC储量,而NTRR则影响较小。TC与SOC呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与SIC呈显著负相关(P<0.05),说明总碳的变化趋势与SOC一致,与SIC相反。     

秸秆覆盖旱作对稻田甲烷排放和水稻产量的影响

为较全面评价秸秆覆盖旱作水稻栽培模式的生态意义,采用田间试验研究了常规淹水（F）、秸秆覆盖旱作（NF-M）和无覆盖旱作（NF-ZM）3种栽培模式稻田甲烷排放、水稻产量及土壤养分的变化规律。结果表明：3种水稻栽培模式的甲烷排放均集中在水稻生育期的前20d;在水稻生育期内,秸秆覆盖旱作稻田甲烷的排放总量为11.12g·m^-2,显著高于常规淹水稻田的7.78g·m^-2和无覆盖旱作稻田的4.23g·m^-2。秸秆覆盖旱作稻田的水稻产量为8.60t·hm^-2,与常规淹水处理没有显著差异,但二者均显著高于无秸秆覆盖旱作处理的6.78t·hm^-2;与常规淹水处理相比,秸秆覆盖旱作还可以提高水稻单株生物量10g以上。秸秆覆盖旱作还可以显著提高稻田表层土壤有机质含量,维持和改善表层土壤养分状况,对实现农业可持续性有重要意义。因此,在水资源缺乏地区,秸秆覆盖旱作是一种值得考虑的替代传统淹水栽培的水稻栽培模式,同时秸秆覆盖旱作还田也是一种值得推广的稻田秸秆管理技术。     

稻草不同途径还田对土壤结构及有机质特征的影响

通过3年的田间定位试验,系统的研究了稻草不同途径还田对稻田土壤容重、孔隙度、团聚体、有机碳总量、腐殖质组成及腐殖质结合形态的影响。结果表明,与无肥(CK)及纯施化肥(NPK)对照相比,稻草直接深埋还田(NPK+S)及利用后的菌渣、牛粪、沼渣深埋还田(NPK+FD、NPK+CD、NPK+BD)均能一定程度的降低土壤容重、增加孔隙度、增加>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的数量和提高土壤团聚体的稳定性,有利于形成和保持良好的土壤结构;同时能提高土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸含量和HA/FA比值,增加松结态腐殖质含量和提高松/紧腐殖质比值,能一定程度的改善土壤腐殖质的组成、性质及结合形态,提高腐殖质品质,不过这4个处理间的差异不明显。稻草焚烧还田(NPK+S′)在以上方面效果均不显著,且带来严重的大气污染,并不可取。     

添加秸秆对土壤矿质氮量、微生物氮量和氮总矿化速率的影响

采用室内恒温培养法,研究了在乌沙土上添加15N标记秸秆后,秸秆15N在矿质氮、微生物氮和土壤不同组分中的分配情况,并应用氮同位素库稀释法测定了秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率。结果表明:将秸秆添加到土壤后,微生物氮量显著增加,而土壤矿质氮量在14天时迅速下降。随着秸秆的分解,秸秆15N进入矿质氮库和微生物氮库,矿质15N在第7 d时最高,占到添加秸秆15N的6.7%,微生物15N在第14 d最高,占到添加秸秆15N的18.1%,随后矿质15N和微生物15N量都下降。56 d时,仍有50.8%的秸秆氮没有分解掉,5.4%的秸秆15N进入土壤53μm~2 mm组分,15.5%进入2~53μm组分,14.6%进入小于2μm组分,有13.6%的秸秆氮损失掉。在培养开始时,乌沙土的氮总矿化速率为2.81 mg kg-1d-1,秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率分别为2.50 mg kg-1d-1。     

不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对稻田氮磷养分径流流失的影响

为明确自然降雨条件下稻田田面水氮磷养分径流流失特征,寻求秸秆还田和耕作方式结合下较为有效的减排农艺措施,通过田间试验研究自然降雨条件下不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对稻田田面水氮磷养分径流流失的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田处理较秸秆不还田处理更能够有效减少稻田氮磷养分径流流失总量;秸秆不还田条件下,翻耕、旋耕、免耕总氮径流流失量分别为6.78,8.50,11.09kg/hm2,总磷流失量分别为0.50,0.63,0.78kg/hm2;秸秆还田条件下,翻耕、旋耕、免耕总氮流失量分别为4.82,6.44,8.87kg/hm2,总磷流失量分别为0.39,0.51,0.70kg/hm2;整个稻季氮素径流流失率以免耕秸秆不还田为最高,达3.70%,翻耕秸秆还田为最低,仅为1.61%,磷素径流流失率也是免耕秸秆不还田最高,翻耕秸秆还田最低,分别为1.31%和0.65%。     

小麦秸秆的氨化厌氧发酵工艺及影响因素研究

为了提高小麦秸秆的产气效率,利用4.5%的尿素对其进行氨化预处理,并将预处理后的秸秆进行厌氧发酵,分别研究了氨化时间对预处理效果的影响及在不同温度和原料组分配比下的氨化厌氧发酵过程。结果表明：氨化预处理20d后的秸秆COD溶出量与未添加预处理剂相比增加了95.43%,VS增加9.07%,在第15d时已达20d溶出总量的94.61%,采用扫描电镜（SEM）及视频光学接触角扫描仪（GBX）观察发现,氨化15d已可有效破坏秸秆的纤维结构,增加表面亲水性能;在预处理后的发酵实验中,中温发酵（35℃）显现出明显的产气优势,经40d厌氧发酵TS产气率可达193.8mL.g-1;当发酵原料组分配比为秸秆：牛粪：污泥=1：0.5：0.5（干物质质量比）时,其厌氧发酵的累积产气量最大,达6505mL。     

Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment

Our contemporary society is struggling with soil degradation due to overuse and climate change. Pre‐Columbian people left behind sustainably fertile soils rich in organic matter and nutrients well known as terra preta (de Indio) by adding charred residues (biochar) together with organic and inorganic wastes such as excrements and household garbage being a model for sustainable agriculture today. This is the reason why new studies on biochar effects on ecosystem services rapidly emerge. Beneficial effects of biochar amendment on plant growth, soil nutrient content, and C storage were repeatedly observed although a number of negative effects were reported, too. In addition, there is no consensus on benefits of biochar when combined with fertilizers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test whether biochar effects on soil quality and plant growth could be improved by addition of mineral and organic fertilizers. For this purpose, two growth periods of oat (Avena sativa L.) were studied under tropical conditions (26°C and 2600 mm annual rainfall) on an infertile sandy soil in the greenhouse in fivefold replication. Treatments comprised control (only water), mineral fertilizer (111.5 kg N ha^–1, 111.5 kg P ha^–1, and 82.9 kg K ha^–1), compost (5% by weight), biochar (5% by weight), and combinations of biochar (5% by weight) plus mineral fertilizer (111.5 kg N ha^–1, 111.5 kg P ha^–1, and 82.9 kg K ha^–1), and biochar (2.5% by weight) plus compost (2.5% by weight). Pure compost application showed highest yield during the two growth periods, followed by the biochar + compost mixture. biochar addition to mineral fertilizer significantly increased plant growth compared to mineral fertilizer alone. During the second growth period, plant yields were significantly smaller compared to the first growth period. biochar and compost additions significantly increased total organic C content during the two growth periods. Cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) could not be increased upon biochar addition while base saturation (BS) was significantly increased due to ash addition with biochar. On the other hand, compost addition significantly increased CEC. Biochar addition significantly increased soil pH but pH value was generally lower during the second growth period probably due to leaching of base cations. Biochar addition did not reduce ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate leaching during the experiment but it reduced nitrification. The overall plant growth and soil fertility decreased in the order compost > biochar + compost > mineral fertilizer + biochar > mineral fertilizer > control. Further experiments should optimize biochar–organic fertilizer systems.     

秸秆沼气工程化对环境的影响及应对措施

秸秆沼气工程产生的沼液在储存和使用过程中会对周围环境构成污染,其主要表现为沼液储存过程中有害气体释放、沼液直排造成的水体污染、农田长期大量施用造成的重金属沉积和沼液渗滤造成的地下水恶化。完善秸秆沼气工程储液池结构减少有害气体排放、建设配套沼液后处理设施、科学施用沼肥、开发沼液增值产品是解决秸秆沼气工程环境危害和促使其健康发展的重要技术途径。