大豆作为前作植物对油菜根肿病发生的影响

为了解前作大豆对后茬油菜根肿病的影响,采用大田轮作试验和实时荧光定量PCR检测法,研究大豆、白菜、油菜分别作为前作,调查后茬油菜根肿病的发生和土壤中休眠孢子含量,比较分析了不同前作的根系分泌物对休眠孢子萌发的影响,结果表明前作大豆,后茬油菜根肿病的发病率和病情指数分别为34.00%和19.26、土壤休眠孢子含量为1.45×106个/克土壤,显著低于前作为油菜、白菜和撂荒对照的相应量。大豆、油菜和白菜根系分泌物均可刺激根肿菌休眠孢子萌发。与根肿菌休眠孢子共培6 d后,大豆根系分泌物培养的休眠孢子萌发率为29.82%,显著高于白菜（15.52%）、油菜根系分泌物（14.83%）和营养液（6.48%）培养下的萌发率。据此推测,前作种植大豆,后茬油菜根肿病发生和危害减轻,原因应与大豆根系分泌物刺激根肿菌休眠孢子萌发,产生的游动孢子因缺少寄主植物而死亡,导致诱发病害的初侵染源（土壤中休眠孢子含量）减少有关。     

水稻因土质施肥方法探讨

土壤质地是土壤的基本物理性质之一,反应土壤中不同大小直径成土颗粒的组成状况。不同质地土壤间养分含量、蓄水导水、保肥供肥、保温导热、耕性、微生物种类及其活动等性能的差异,影响肥料的固定、转化、吸收和流失,并影响作物的产量形成,进而形成区域性的肥料利用效率的差异。水稻肥料利用状况的改善一直是研究热点,但土壤质地对肥料利用和水稻生长的影响研究相对较少。本文简要介绍了不同质地土壤的养分状况和理化性质差异,分析了土壤质地对作物生长发育的影响;并在简要评价测土配方施肥技术的基础上,初步探讨了不同土质土壤的肥料高效施用方法。     

小麦秸秆复合基质对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响

为了充分利用农业废弃物小麦秸秆,进行草炭替代性育苗基质原料的研发,实现农业资源循环化利用和生态可持续发展。以番茄‘毛粉802’为材料,通过小麦秸秆腐熟物、草炭、蛭石和珍珠岩4种基质原料及1种生物菌肥进行不同体积配比处理,研究不同配比的小麦秸秆复合基质对番茄幼苗生长指标、叶片色素及荧光指标、幼苗叶片理化性质指标、基质生物指标和理化性质的影响,探究适合番茄幼苗生长的小麦秸秆复合育苗基质配方。利用灰色关联法对19项指标进行综合分析。结果表明,V腐熟小麦秸秆∶V蛭石∶V珍珠岩∶V生物菌肥=6∶2.5∶1∶0.5番茄幼苗表现最好,而番茄幼苗在纯小麦秸秆腐熟物上的生长量远远低于其他处理,番茄幼苗的表现最差。     

Potential host range of four Phytophthora interspecific hybrids from Clade 8a

In recent years several interspecific hybrids have been reported in the plant pathogenic oomycete genus Phytophthora. Due to the large genotypic and phenotypic changes, these hybrids might have broader or more limited host ranges compared with their parental species. It is crucial to understand the host range of Phytophthora hybrids to minimize the economic losses caused by their infection. The potential host range of four hybrids belonging to Clade 8a of the Phytophthora phylogenetic tree was investigated in this study. Thirty species of herbaceous plants as well as eight species of woody plants were inoculated and monitored for any symptom of infection. In addition, the detached twigs of 32 tree species, fruits of six plant species, tubers of potato, and roots of carrot and sugar beet were investigated for susceptibility to these hybrids. Almost all hybrids caused severe rot on all tested fruits, tubers, and roots, although different isolates showed different pathogenicity on detached tree twigs. All hybrids tested had a different host range compared with their parental species: they were able to infect plants outside the host range of their parents, infect hosts of both parental species, although these parents did not have overlapping hosts, or, in some cases, they were not able to infect hosts infected by the parents.     

Influence of intra-row cruciferous surrogate weed growth on crop yield in organic spring cereals

In Northern Europe, inter-row hoeing has become a popular tactic for controlling weeds in organic cereals. Hoeing is highly effective and can be implemented from crop emergence until stem elongation to maintain a nearly weed-free inter-row zone. However, hoeing has a lesser effect on weeds growing in the intra-row zone, where crop–weed proximity results in heightened competition. In the hoed cereal system, it is investigated whether tall-growing, competitive, cruciferous weeds in the intra-row zone affect crop biomass, yield and thousand kernel weight (TKW). An additive experimental design is employed to enable the fitting of rectangular hyperbolas, describing and quantifying the effects of increasing intra-row surrogate weed density on crop growth parameters. Regressions were studied under the influence of crop (spring barley and spring wheat), row spacing (narrow [12.5 or 15.0 cm] and wide [25.0 cm]) and nitrogen rate (50 and 100 kg NH₄-N/ha). Cruciferous surrogate weeds were found to impact crop yield and quality severely. For example, ten intra-row plants/m² of surrogate weed Sinapis alba reduced grains yields by 7%–14% in spring barley and by 7%–32% in spring wheat with yield losses becoming markedly greater in wheat compared to barley as weed density increases. Compared to wheat, barley limited yield and quality losses and suppressed intra-row weed growth more. Row spacing did not have a consistent effect on crop or weed parameters; in one of six experiments, the 25 cm row spacing reduced yields and increased intra-row weed biomass in wheat. Nitrogen rate did not affect crop or weed parameters. Results warrant the implementation of additional tactics to control intra-row weeds and limit crop losses.     

双唑草腈对双季水稻田杂草的防效及后茬作物的影响

通过大田试验测定了双唑草腈及其与苄嘧磺隆、五氟磺草胺和扑草净混用对双季水稻田杂草的防效,并评价了双唑草腈对水稻及后茬作物的安全性。结果表明:2%双唑草腈GR对双季水稻田杂草具有良好的防治效果,210、315和420 g/hm~2处理药后30、45 d对禾本科杂草和阔叶类杂草的防效均在87%以上,低剂量140 g/hm~2处理药后30、45 d对双季水稻田禾本科杂草和阔叶类杂草防效均在75%以上。2%双唑草腈GR 140、210、315和420 g/hm~2处理对后茬作物小白菜、马铃薯、小麦、紫云英和冬季油菜生长安全。2%双唑草腈GR以140、210 g/hm~2分别与苄嘧磺隆或五氟磺草胺混用,药后30、45 d对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草的防效均在93%以上,显著优于2%双唑草腈GR相应浓度的单剂处理,其中2%双唑草腈GR 210 g/hm~2+10%苄嘧磺隆WP 30 g/hm~2混用可以达到2%双唑草腈GR 315 g/hm~2处理的防治效果,且对水稻生长安全;单独施用50%扑草净WP 450 g/hm~2对双季稻田禾本科杂草的防效较差,其与2%双唑草腈GR混用后防效显著提高,但对水稻生长有较强的抑制作用。综上,双唑草腈及其与苄嘧磺隆、五氟磺草胺混用对双季水稻安全,可在双季水稻田推广应用。     

秸秆还田与化肥配施对汉中盆地稻麦轮作农田土壤固碳及经济效益的影响

为汉中盆地秸秆还田技术和合理化肥减量技术提供科学依据,2015—2017年小麦和水稻生长季,设置秸秆不还田+常规施肥(SN+NPK);秸秆常规还田+常规施肥(S+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+常规施肥(SD+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量15%(SD+85%NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量30%(SD+70%NPK),共5个处理,研究其对土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、碳储量(SCS)、作物产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明与秸秆不还田配施常规施肥处理(SN+NPK)相比,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理显著提高了稻田0～15cm土层的TOC和LOC,增幅分别为3.62%～25.07%和23.01%～46.79%; S+NPK和SD+NPK处理提高了0～30 cm碳储量,增幅分别为4.67%和18.20%。而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK分别降低8.31%和9.83%。S+NPK和SD+NPK处理显著增加了小麦和水稻籽粒产量,而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK处理均降低了小麦和水稻产量,周年产量2年平均增幅分别为3.47%、8.70%、-3.65%、-8.12%。与SN+NPK处理相比, S+NPK、SD+NPK、SD+85%NPK、SD+70%NPK处理周年经济效益2年平均增幅分别为16.91%、23.56%、6.02%、1.06%。土壤有机碳、作物产量和经济效益SD+NPK处理的最高, S+NPK处理次之,SD+70%NPK处理最低,与之相比,SD+85%NPK处理在小麦和水稻两季共减少化肥80kghm–2,作物周年产量降低不明显,经济效益略有增加。秸秆还田与常规化肥配施是提高汉中盆地稻麦轮作体系农田固碳、产量及经济效益的最佳措施,两季作物全量还田条件下化肥用量减少15%是适宜该区域的绿色生产模式。     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应

红壤稻田面临土壤酸化和肥力偏低的双重挑战。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是稻田土壤酸化改良和培肥的有效措施,但二者的互作效应尚不清楚。本研究连续4年(2015—2018年)在江西省开展施石灰和秸秆还田双因素田间定位试验,旨在探明施石灰和秸秆还田对红壤双季稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应。结果表明,施石灰和秸秆还田均显著提高了早、晚稻的产量和氮素吸收,且二者具显著的协同促进效应。秸秆还田下,施石灰使早稻产量和氮素吸收分别增加10.7%和15.5%;而在秸秆不还田下,增幅仅分别为4.4%和9.7%。秸秆还田下,石灰使晚稻产量和氮素吸收分别提高18.7%和24.6%;但在秸秆不还田下,增幅则分别为10.5%和5.7%。施石灰对早、晚稻产量和氮素吸收的促进效应随试验年限的增加而减弱。石灰对土壤pH值的提升效应随试验年限的延长显著降低。试验4年后,石灰对土壤有机质和全氮含量均无显著影响;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机质含量,而对全氮含量无显著影响。因此,秸秆还田配施石灰能够协同实现双季稻增产、土壤酸化改良与培肥。本研究表明在此酸性的红壤双季稻田上每4年左右施用一次石灰为宜。     

间作对作物产量效应的Meta分析

旨在探明间作模式对作物产量的影响,为间作措施的合理应用和推广提供理论依据。该研究以单作为对照,利用Meta分析方法定量分析间作对作物产量的影响及其影响因素。结果表明,间作较单作显著降低了作物产量,尤其在温带地区。此外,在地面覆盖和豆科作物条件下,间作也降低了作物产量。然而,当降雨量超过600 mm时,间作较单作的作物产量显著增加了29.6%。而当降雨量小于600 mm时,间作较单作的作物产量降低了18.7%。年均气温也显著影响间作的产量效应,当年均气温高于20℃时,间作较单作的作物产量降低了55.1%,长期间作（>5年）有利于提高产量,然而当年数少于3年时,间作较单作却降低了作物产量。高有机质含量(>20 g/kg)和低有机质含量(1 g/kg)条件下,间作均不利于作物产量提高。与此类似,当土壤全氮高于1.5 g/kg时,间作较单作的作物产量降低48.6%。间作对作物产量的降低幅度在pH 6.5~7.5时是最大的。当土壤有效磷、氮和钾含量分别为>30 mg/kg、 <50 mg/kg和50~100 mg/kg时间作较单作降低作物产量。因此,间作的产量效应受气候、试验年限和土壤性状等多种因素的影响。