强非线性水平混沌振动台

该文研究了一种水平混沌振动台,机构的运动微分方程是强非线性的,数值仿真和实验结果表明,该振动台的动态响应是混沌的,且敏感依赖于初始条件。     

植物根系固坡效应模拟及稳定性数值分析

随着生态环境保护的要求日益提高,植物护坡工程的理论和实践研究得到了发展。由于植物根系及其分布的随机性和复杂性,根土相互作用机理以及根系固坡的定量化研究工作还很不深入。本文对根系固土力学机制和根土复合介质抗剪强度模型进行了评述,将根系对土体的强度贡献以“表观凝聚力”表示,采用数值方法对植物根系固坡效应及其稳定性进行了分析,考虑根系强度增量以及护坡深度,在多种情况下进行了边坡整体安全系数计算。分析结果可为植物根系的力学效应评判、护坡植物的选取,以及其优化布设等纵深研究方面提供了理论基础。     

改进CERES-Rice模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻生长

覆膜旱作是节水稻作生产体系的重要措施之一,采用CERES-Rice模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻生长需另外考虑覆膜的增温效应和根系层土壤水分布差异及由此所带来的影响。该文借鉴部分旱地作物的相关研究成果,对原CERES-Rice模型中的积温和土壤温度、蒸发和土壤水分胁迫等模拟计算过程进行了改进,并进一步通过2个水稻生长季的田间试验予以验证。试验于2013、2014年在湖北房县进行,共涉及淹水(对照)、覆膜湿润栽培和覆膜旱作共3个水分处理,采用原模型和改进模型分别对2个生长季、2个覆膜处理的生育期、叶面积指数与地上部干物质质量的变化过程及产量进行模拟。结果表明:原CERES-Rice模型难以准确刻画覆膜旱作水稻的生长发育过程,经改进后,模拟效果大大改善,可有效反映环境变化(水分、温度)对覆膜水稻生育进程的影响和产量形成,维持生育期与产量模拟的相对误差在15%以内;覆膜水稻叶面积指数的动态模拟基本满足要求,其均方根差≤1.54 m~2/m~2、相对均方根差≤27%、建模效率≥0.85;对覆膜水稻地上部干物质质量变化过程的模拟也呈现出较好的效果,均方根差和相对均方根差分别小于1 490 kg/hm~2、16%,建模效率则高于0.95。总体而言,经改进后的CERES-Rice模型基本可满足要求,较好地用于模拟覆膜旱作水稻的生长发育规律。     

基于SWAP和MODFLOW模型的引黄灌区用水管理策略

大部分引黄灌区并没有实现地表水和地下水的合理利用,存在着水源浪费和地下水过度开采等问题。为了合理调配水资源,该文以河南柳园口灌区为背景,运用SWAP和Visual-MODFLOW分别建立了土壤水分运动模型和地下水三维非稳定流模型,用实测资料进行了率定和验证。利用SWAP模型模拟了2006年至2007年不同灌溉标准条件下的灌溉制度,提出了适宜的灌水控制标准,并且根据提出的灌水控制标准对多年的灌溉制度及不同地下水埋深下的灌水量及产量状况进行了模拟,得到了地下水埋深适宜范围。由SWAP模拟的灌溉制度确定地下水开采并且根据不同的种植结构和井渠灌溉比拟定了7个方案,利用MODFLOW模型对灌区地下水系统对各方案的响应进行模拟。结果表明,北部引黄量的30%采用抽取地下水并把节省的引黄量输送到南部,可以使地下水埋深基本控制在适宜的范围之内,并能有效地减少潜水蒸发。     

不同仓型的粮堆温度场重现及对比分析

为了揭示不同仓型粮堆内温度场和水气分压场随季节的变化规律及其对储粮安全的影响,该文以天津地区的钢板浅圆仓和平房仓为研究对象,以小麦为储粮目标,采用阵列式分布的温度传感器监测粮堆温度,利用温度拟合算法和WU模型构建粮堆温度场模型,重现粮堆在冬末春初之际和夏季的温度场和水气分压场分布;根据温湿度场耦合理论分析其云图特征,并在此基础上比较2种仓储粮状态的差异。结果表明:夏季,浅圆仓和平房仓的小麦粮堆中均存在大体积的冷芯,使整个粮堆可以安全度夏;冬春交替之际,2种仓的粮堆中均存在多区域分层现象,但由于浅圆仓的表层粮堆水分吸收速率大于平房仓,致使次年春季浅圆仓的粮堆表层更易发生结露;根据平房仓小麦粮堆的等温曲线变化方向可推测有邻仓存在,且由2个毗邻的平房仓温度场融汇度可判定邻仓有储粮。研究结果将为粮堆结露研究提供新思路,为结露预测提供理论依据。     

微热管阵列平板太阳能集热器中空保温层厚度优化

为分析微热管阵列平板太阳能集热器的热性能,该文建立了集热器的CFD模型,对其进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的可靠性。采用该CFD模型对集热器保温层厚度进行优化,结果表明,当实心保温层导热系数分别为0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05W/(m·K)时,优化的实心保温层厚度分别为4.5、5.0、5.5、5.5cm。合理设计的中空保温层(空气层与实心保温层相结合的保温层形式)集热器能够达到与实心保温层集热器相当的保温隔热效果,同时可使集热器保温层成本及质量降低25%~50%。最后,该文给出了保温层总厚度分别为4、5、6cm时的中空保温层厚度优化结果,为该类集热器保温层的设计提供了理论依据。     

Genetic relationships within Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. based on isozyme analyses

Summary Isozyme analyses of genetic diversity in Vigna unguiculata were performed to determine genetic relationships and level of genetic diversity between wild and cultivated cowpea. Thirty-four cultivated accessions of V. unguiculata, 56 wild accessions of V. unguiculata, and six accessions representing five related wild Vigna species were analyzed. Ten enzyme systems were polymorphic within Vigna unguiculata: AAT, ACO, G6PDH, DIAP, LAP, MUE, ME MDH, PRX, and SOD. Fourteen of 24 putative loci (58%) were polymorphic within wild V. unguiculata, but only one locus (4%) was polymorphic within cultivated cowpea; when five related Vigna species were examined, 21 of the 24 bands of activity showed polymorphisms (88%) adding 33 alleles to the 48 identified within V. unguiculata. In one F₂ population of 68 plants (UCDVg 36 × UCDVg 21) a loose linkage was indicated between Diap-2 and G6pd-1 (² = 15.39; p = 0.004) with an estimated distance of 36.0 cM ± 5.02 (recombination (r) = 0.31). Also in another F₂ population of 38 plants (CB 88 × UCDVg 21) a loose linkage was indicated between Lap-1 and Prx (\gC² = 9.62; p = 0.047) with an estimated distance of 39.8 cM ± 7.0 (r = 0.33). Total genetic diversity (H_T) was 0.085 over all of the accessions including the one classified as V. nervosa. Within accession diversity (H_s) approached zero and between accession diversity (D_si) was responsible for all of the genetic diversity present. Therefore the coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST = D_STII_T) approached 1. Absolute gene differentiation (D_m) was 0.087. Two of the nine segregations in this study were skewed. In general, results of this study concurred with the taxonomic classification within V. unguiculata and provided a strong indication that a severe genetic bottleneck occurred during the domestication process of cowpea.Abbreviations AAT aspartate amino-transferase - ACO aconitase - ALD aldolase - AUS Australia - BDI Burundi - BWA Botswana - CHN China - CMR Cameroon - DIAP diaphorase - DZA Algeria - ETH Ethiopia - G6PDH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - GDH glutamate dehydrogenase - GHA Ghana - GUY Guyana - IDH isocitrate dehydrogenase - IND India - KEN Kenya - LAO Laos - LAP leucine aminopeptidase - MDH malate dehydrogenase - ME malic enzyme - MEX Mexico - MOZ Mozambique - MUE methylumelliferyl-esterase - MWI Malawi - MYS Malaysia - NER Niger - NGA Nigeria - PRX peroxidase - RBSC ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase - SEN Senegal - SLE Sierra Leone - SOD superoxide dismutase - TGO Togo - TZA Tanzania - USA United States of America - XDH xanthine dehydrogenase - ZAF South Africa - ZAR Zaire - ZIM Zimbabwe - ZMB Zambia     

Perspectives of Using L-Tryptophan for Improving Productivity of Agricultural Crops: A Review

Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within plant tissues through L-tryptophan (L-TRP)-dependent and -independent pathways. It has been found that plants respond to exogenously applied L-TRP due to insufficient endogenous auxin biosynthesis. The exogenous application of L-TRP is highly significant for normal plant growth and development. L-tryptophan is applied through foliar spray, seed priming, and soil application. Soil-applied L-TRP is either directly taken up by plants or metabolized to auxin by soil microbiota and then absorbed by plant roots. Similarly, foliar spray and seed priming with L-TRP stimulates auxin synthesis within plants and improves the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, L-TRP contains approximately 14% nitrogen (N) in its composition, which is released upon its metabolism within a plant or in the rhizosphere and plays a role in enhancing crop productivity. This review deals with assessing crop responses under the exogenous application of L-TRP in normal and stressed environments, mode of action of L-TRP, advantages of using L-TRP over other auxin precursors, and role of the simultaneous use of L-TRP and auxin-producing microbes in improving the productivity of agricultural crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting the importance of the use of L-TRP in agriculture.     

基于蒙特卡罗特征投影法的小麦蛋白质近红外光谱测量变量选择

为了实现小麦蛋白质的无损检测,简化便携式小麦蛋白质检测设备的预测模型,提高模型预测精度,该文针对小麦采集波长范围为950～1690nm的近红外漫透反射光谱,结合蒙特卡罗采样(MCS,monte carlosampling)技术与特征投影图(LPG,latent projective graph)方法对波长变量进行选择。根据模型集群分析(MPA,model population analysis)思想,采用MCS技术建立样本子空间,利用主成分分析(PCA,principal componentanalysis)得到LPG,假定LPG中共线性光谱变量对建模作用相同,选出少数波长变量建立子预测模型,选出预测均方根误差(RMSEP,root-mean-square error of prediction)较小的子模型,统计分析其变量的出现频次,选取频次最高的波长变量作为影响变量(IVs,influential variables)。研究结果表明,利用IVs建模可以将RMSEP值由0.5245减小到0.2548,采用蒙特卡罗采样技术的特征投影图方法(MC-LPG,monte carlo-latent projective graph)进行变量选择,对于提高模型预测精度是可行的。     

农村电网配电变压器选址优化模型改进与系统开发

农村电网多分布在山地、丘陵等地区,负荷点的海拔高度对变压器选址结果有着重要的影响,同时由于在布线过程中弧垂的存在,输电线长度实际并不是直线距离,该文对配电变压器选址优化传统模型进行了改进,引进由于弧垂存在的线路修正系数,并考虑海拔高度对距离计算公式进行了修正,提出了一种配电变压器选址优化改进模型（M-TLOM,modified-transformer location optimization model）,并在Visual Basic 6.0软件下开发了一套配电变压器选址优化系统（DTLOS 1.0）。通过实例分析表明,配电变压器选址优化改进模型可以降低农网配网损耗。