河北省种植业水污染足迹初报

为进一步评估种植业化肥投入引发水污染对应的环境影响,本文利用水足迹理论结合统计数据,采用Recipe生命周期影响评价法对河北省1995—2014年11个地级市的种植业水污染足迹进行研究。结果表明,2014年河北省农作物单位面积施N量和施P量分别比1995年提高了36.3%、52.5%,1995—2014年间秦皇岛的农作物单位面积年均施N量最高(335.4 kg·hm-2),邯郸的农作物单位面积年均施P量最高(119.1 kg·hm-2);比较1995、2004、2014三年各地市的施肥总量,石家庄农作物N肥施用总量三年均列首位,沧州N肥施用总量增幅最大;邯郸农作物P肥施用总量三年均列首位,承德P肥施用总量增幅最大;近20年石家庄的农作物单位面积水污染足迹(wdf)均值最高(2.350 Ml·H2Oe·hm-2),其次是秦皇岛和邯郸,张家口最低,但秦皇岛的wdf年际增长最显著;比较各地市在1995、2004和2014年种植业区域水污染足迹(WDF),各地市的WDF在三年里均呈增加趋势,其中石家庄的WDF三年均值最高,在1995、2004、2014年均处Ⅰ级区,邯郸的WDF均值位于其次,并在2004、2014年升入Ⅰ级区,且2014年邯郸的WDF超过石家庄居全省首位,秦皇岛的WDF增长比例最大,2014年的WDF比1995年增长了77.4%,而石家庄2014年WDF比1995年增长26.7%,在所有地市中其增长比例最小。本研究为河北省分类指导各地市的农业水资源优化及可持续利用提供依据。     

Soil andLeucaena leucocephala L. growth variability underFaidherbia albida Del. andZiziphus spina-christi L. Desf.

In order to obtain data which will facilitate the scientific development of multiple intercropping of trees in agroforestry systems, the effects ofFaidherbia albida Del. orZiziphus spina-christi L. Desf. on soil quality and on yield of interplantedLeucaena leucocephala L. were investigated. The distance to which bothFaidherbia albida andZiziphus spinachristi trees improved soil quality as well asLeucaena leucocephala andSorghum vulgare L. production around them was about two times the radius of the tree crown. Higher yields of plants underZiziphus spina-christi thanFaidherbia albida were explained by similarly higher concentrations of available phosphorus (P). Other soil parameters, including total nitrogen (N), were similar under both species; being higher under the tree canopies than away from them. The study identified optimum tree spacing for agroforestry to be twice the tree crown radius. It also demonstrated the advantages of multiple tree mixtures over pure stands in improving soil quality and productivity.     

西安市粮食作物田土壤杂草种子库研究

粮食生产具有明显的地域性特征,不同粮食作物、不同耕作制度下的田间杂草种子库差别较大。本文通过土样采集、室内诱萌、田间调查等方法,对西安市72块小麦-玉米轮作制度下的粮食作物田土壤杂草种子库进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）西安市粮食作物田20 cm土层中杂草种子平均为11351.70粒/m2,有活性的杂草种子占3.50%,田间实际发生的杂草占0.51%。（2）不同生态类型粮食作物田杂草种子量差别较大,表现为塬岭区>沿山>平原灌区>河漫滩,平原灌区作为西安市的主要粮食作物田,其土壤杂草种子为11044.44粒/m2,与塬岭区、沿山相比处于较低的水平。（3）在不同土层中,7~14 cm土层的杂草种子量占杂草种子总量的37.04%,略多于0~7 cm和14~20 cm土层的杂草种子量。     

头季稻剑叶同化产物分配与再生稻产量的关系

以4个品种(组合)为材料,研究了头季稻剑叶同化产物的分配与再生稻产量的相关关系.结果表明:(1)约70%～75%的剑叶14C同化产物进入到了穗部,25%～30%残留在剑叶和茎鞘中;(2)约65%～80%的剑叶同化产物分配在倒一和倒二节间;(3)同化产物在穗部的分配比例与再生稻产量及所有的产量构成因子均呈负相关,同化产物在茎鞘、剑叶及其他叶片的分配比例与再生稻产量及所有的产量构成因子均呈正相关;(4)各节间的同化产物分配比例与再生稻相应节位产量呈显著正相关关系.     

Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring

Cover crops grown in the period between two main crops have potential as an important component of a system‐oriented ecological weed management strategy. In late summer and autumn, the cover crop can suppress growth and seed production of weeds, whereas the incorporation of cover crop residues in spring may reduce or retard weed emergence. Based on these two criteria, six cover crop species were evaluated for their weed suppressive potential in 2 years of experimentation in the Netherlands. Fodder radish, winter oilseed rape and winter rye had the strongest competitive ability in autumn; the competitive strength of Italian ryegrass was intermediate and white lupin and lucerne were poor competitors. Competitiveness was strongly correlated to early light interception. Surprisingly, doubling the recommended sowing density did not increase weed suppressive ability. Although a poor competitor in the fall, after incorporation in spring, lucerne had the strongest inhibitory effect on seedling establishment, followed by winter oilseed rape and white lupin. Winter rye and fodder radish did not affect seedling establishment, whereas Italian ryegrass was not evaluated because of re‐growth after incorporation. Competition in autumn and subsequent residue‐mediated suppression of weed establishment in spring varied among the cover crop species, with winter oilseed rape offering relatively strong effects during both periods.     

我国盐碱地改良技术综述

盐碱地是我国重要的战略储备耕地资源之一,盐碱地的治理对于维持我国1.2亿hm2耕地红线具有重要意义。从盐碱地改良的工程措施、农业措施、化学措施和生物措施等4个方面,综述了我国常见的盐碱地改良技术,并对未来盐碱地改良方向进行了展望。     

安徽省怀远县农业结构调整战略分析

在分析安徽省怀远县农业结构现状的基础上 ,提出怀远县农业结构调整的基本思路。然后分别对怀远县的主要作物品种的调整策略进行探讨。同时还对怀远县主要农作物种植面积调整的具体数值进行计算 ,为怀远县农业结构调整提供科学依据     

稻平脐蠕孢的分离、鉴定及对作物的安全性

为了筛选获得可用于防治李氏禾的病原菌菌株,采用孢子形态观察和ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列分析法对分离自云南西双版纳稻田感病李氏禾植株上的两株病原真菌菌株进行了鉴定,采用离体叶片生测法评价其除草活性,采用盆栽生测法评价其对主要作物的安全性.结果表明,两株病原真菌分别被鉴定为稻平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris oryzae)和稻平脐蠕孢有性型[Bipolaris oryzae (teleomorph:Cochliobolus miyabeanus)].稻平脐蠕孢发酵液对李氏禾的致病性最高为88.9;稻平脐蠕孢有性型发酵液配制的菌悬液对李氏禾的致病性最高为100.两个菌株对水稻、玉米、黄瓜及番茄等主要农作物安全.     

嫁接繁殖研究进展及其在林木遗传改良中的应用前景

嫁接作为一种传统的无性繁殖方法,已广泛应用于农林领域中的良种扩繁保存、品种改良、新品种选育等方面,它能够有效提高作物产量、抗逆性,改变植物的开花结果习性及改良果实品质。文中介绍了嫁接繁殖的特性,并从嫁接愈合解剖学、生理生化、分子机理3个方面对国内外有关嫁接成活机理进行了系统综述;探讨了嫁接引起的遗传变异及其在林木遗传改良中的应用前景,以期为嫁接技术改进及林木遗传改良提供新思路。     

羟丙甲纤维素对土壤水分入渗特性及水稳性团聚体的影响

通过向土壤中施加不同含量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(简称HPMC),研究了HPMC对土壤水分入渗特性及土壤水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤中施加一定量的HPMC可以显著降低土壤入渗能力,在施加量为0～1.0g/kg范围内,累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和入渗率均随施加HPMC含量的增加而显著减小;利用Philip方程和Kostiakov公式对实测数据进行拟合发现,两者均能较好模拟施加HPMC后土壤的入渗过程,随HPMC施加量的增加,吸渗率S、稳渗率A和经验系数K明显减小,经验指数β逐渐增大。(2)随HPMC含量的增加,0.25mm的水稳性团聚体百分比明显增大,供试土壤的分形维数逐渐减小,其平均重量直径与水稳性团聚体含量间呈显著正相关关系,表明施加HPMC之后,土壤结构更趋于稳定,土壤抗破坏和抗侵蚀能力增强。HPMC加入土壤后具有明显的减渗效果,一定程度上可以增加水稳性团聚体含量,改良土壤结构,并提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。