劣质水灌溉对土壤盐碱化及作物产量的影响

长期的劣质水灌溉将导致土壤潜在的次生盐碱化。通过在以色列的大田试验,分析了劣质水灌溉对浅埋地下水位条件下土壤盐碱动态和作物产量的影响。试验在安装有暗管排水系统的试验田中进行。试验田土壤为粉砂粘土,种植有饲料玉米(Zea mays L.)。试验结果显示,高盐碱地下水的侧向运动和蒸发形成了试验田南半部和北半部土壤中盐碱度分布的巨大差异。在试验条件下,0～1.2 m土壤中的盐分在整个玉米生长期内平均增加了7.5%,碱度增大了19.6%。作物产量和植株高度与土壤含盐量成反比,籽粒产量受影响最为严重。利用冬季的降雨淋洗土壤盐分是维持本地区灌溉农业持续发展的关键。     

四川冬春季参考作物蒸散量时空变化及其成因

为深入认识四川冬春季参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)的变化特征,利用1980—2016年四川35个气象站的逐日气象观测资料,采用泰森多边形、气候倾向率和克里金空间插值等方法对其冬春季ET₀的时空变化特征进行分析,并通过敏感性和贡献率分析了ET₀的变化成因。结果表明:ET₀的年代际变化呈先降后增的趋势,空间上呈明显的西南高东部低的分布特征,且高值区范围持续扩大,低值区范围波动缩小。ET₀的年际变化呈上升趋势,春季ET₀气候倾向率和空间差异明显大于冬季,且ET₀高值区与低值区空间分布受海拔高度影响明显。ET₀的同一日多年平均值自初冬至初春逐渐上升,1月22日—5月2日仅有8 d的ET₀值低于多年日平均值,具有明显连续的高值时段。ET₀对日照时数的变化最敏感,其次是对相对湿度与平均气温,对三者均呈高敏感性。平均气温的正贡献率是引起ET₀变化的主导因子,其次是相对...     

连作障碍发生机制研究进展

目的研究不同前作对土壤生物化学性质的影响。方法利用化学和酶学分析及16S多样性测序技术,分析种植7年的不同前作[荞麦(FB)、油菜(FR)、小麦(FW)和绿肥(FG)]烟田土壤的养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构组成。结果(1) FR烟田土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,分别为30.04 g/kg、1.62 g/kg、143.50 mg/kg和88.09 mg/kg,FG烟田次之,但FG烟田速效钾的含量最高(240.10 mg/kg);FG烟田土壤蛋白酶和磷酸酶的活性最高,分别为709.02 μg/(g·d)(酪氨酸)和306.60 μg/(g·h)(对硝基酚),而其脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性仅低于FW烟田,且无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)在细菌群落组成上,FB、FG、FW和FR烟田分别检测出770、670、654和597属,归属于Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi和Acidobacteria等36门,其中Actionbacteria和Proteobacteria相对丰度最高,分别为26.87%~45.21%和25.82%~30.69%,Treptomyces、Bradyrhizobium、Bacillus和Mycobacterium等拮抗菌和Bradyrhizobium、Rhizobium和Paenibacillus等固氮菌在FB烟田土壤细菌群落的相对丰度最高。结论不同前作对烟田土壤理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构的影响不同,绿肥提高了土壤有机质和养分含量以及酶活性;而荞麦改善和提高了烟田土壤细菌种群结构和多样性。     

玉米根系分泌物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制活性及其抑菌物质分析

目的明确玉米、辣椒单作和间作种植后根围土壤细菌群落的变化与病害发生的关系,解析土壤微生物在玉米和辣椒多样性种植中控制病害的作用。方法比较玉米/辣椒间作和分别单作后根围土壤微生物对玉米小斑病和辣椒疫病发生的影响,并应用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术比较不同处理根围细菌群落的差异。结果单作玉米的根围土壤微生物能显著抑制辣椒疫病的发生(P<0.05),辣椒单作、玉米/辣椒间作后玉米根围土壤微生物降低玉米小斑病的趋势明显。根围土壤细菌群落分析结果表明：单作玉米根围气单胞菌属、堆囊菌属和固氮螺菌属等的相对丰度显著高于间作玉米和单作辣椒根围(P<0.05);单作辣椒和间作玉米根围土壤中拟杆菌门相对丰度上调,并且其中的拟杆菌属、农研丝杆菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属和Muribaculum的相对丰度也显著上调(P<0.05)。结论玉米/辣椒间作和间作后有利于帮助彼此降低病害的发生。单作或间作后导致土壤细菌群落的变化是其缓解病害发生的重要机制。     

作物抗旱性生理生化机制的研究现状和进展

根据现有文献资料，从渗透调节、细胞膜的结构和功能、自由基学说、干旱胁迫下特异蛋白的产生及其生理功能等方面综述了作物抗旱性生理生化机制的研究现状和进展。     

The Effect of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors of Left Atrial Pressure in Dogs with Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Background: Despite many epidemiological reports concerning the efficacy of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR), the hemodynamic effects of ACE inhibitor administration have not been fully evaluated. Objectives: To document left atrial pressure (LAP) in dogs with MR administered ACE inhibitors, in order to obtain interesting information about daily LAP changes with administration of ACE inhibitors. Animals: Five healthy Beagle dogs weighing 9.8 to 14.2 kg (2 males and 3 females; aged 2 years). Methods: Experimental, crossover, and interventional study. Chordae tendineae rupture was induced, and a radiotelemetry transmitter catheter was inserted into the left atrium. LAP was recorded for 72 consecutive hours during which each of 3 ACE inhibitors—enalapril (0.5 mg/kg/d), temocapril (0.1 mg/kg/d), and alacepril (3.0 mg/kg/d)—were administered in a crossover study. Results: Averaged diurnal LAP was significantly, but slightly reduced by alacepril (P= .03, 19.03 ± 3.01–18.24 ± 3.07 mmHg). The nightly drops in LAP caused by alacepril and enalapril were significantly higher than the daily drops (P= .03, ?0.98 ± 0.19 to ?0.07 ± 0.25 mmHg, and P= .03, ?0.54 ± 0.21–0.02 ± 0.17 mmHg, respectively), despite the fact that the oral administrations were given in the morning. Systolic blood pressure (122.7 ± 14.4–117.4 ± 13.1 mmHg, P= .04) and systemic vascular resistance (5800 ± 2685–5144 ± 2077 dyne × s/cm⁵, P= .03) were decreased by ACE inhibitors. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: ACE inhibitors decrease LAP minimally, despite reductions in left ventricular afterload. ACE inhibitors should not be used to decrease LAP.     

Improving the estimation of soil water evaporation based on days after wetting

Soil evaporation constitutes a major pathway of water loss in agriculture. Understanding its dynamics in the face of drying and soil cover is fundamental to improve both simulation models and the sustainability of production systems. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate soil evaporation as a function of drying and percentage of soil cover. Three experiments were carried out in three different periods. In each of the periods, in parallel and in an adjacent area, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of weighing micro-lysimeter (ML) height on the estimation of direct soil evaporation. The experiments were installed with a completely randomized design. For the experiments that measured evaporation as a function of cover, the treatments consisted of six different percentages of cover of the internal area of the ML (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), with four replicates, using artificial plants to cover the soil. The experiments that estimated evaporation as a function of ML height were conducted with eight repetitions and three different ML heights (100, 200 and 300 mm). It was observed that the accumulated evaporation up to 25 days after wetting was 52% and 53% lower in micro-lysimeters with 100 mm height, compared to those with 200 and 300 mm height, respectively, for all experiments. The new model developed to calculate soil evaporation as a function of the days after wetting and percentage of soil cover showed excellent performance (NSE > 0.95).     

The quality of service provided by the irrigation department to the users associations, Tunuyan System, Mendoza, Argentina

The quality of service provided by the provincial Irrigation Department (DGI) to the Water Users Associations (UA), and subsequently by the UA's to the related water users, is based on the provincial water law. The intended volume of water being delivered per considered period further depends on the water availability and on the (crop irrigation) water requirements. The Service Level (SL) compares the intended water supply with the water supply that would be required to supply the entire irrigable area with sufficient water. As soon as the intended water delivery pattern is set, the measured actual delivery can be assessed against the intention. Several performance indicators are used in this context. Based on the assessment of the Water Delivery Performance Ratio and the Overall Consumed Ratio recommendations are made on changes which can be made to improve water use and reduce problems of waterlogging.     

大豆和膨化大豆主要抗营养因子分析

【目的】大豆含有丰富的营养物质,除了作为食品原料外也是重要的饲料原料,但大豆所含抗营养因子限制了其在食品及饲料行业中的应用。挤压膨化工艺能够在基本保持大豆营养成分的基础上,降低其抗营养因子的含量,从而减小对人和动物健康的负面作用。调查分析市售大豆和膨化大豆中主要几种抗营养因子的差异,分析挤压膨化加工工艺对大豆中主要抗营养因子的消除降解作用,并对这几种主要抗营养因子的含量及活性给出置信范围,为膨化企业实际生产应用中选择优质原料及优化加工工艺提供参考,并对动物饲料的配方设计提供指导。【方法】采集市场上不同地区及厂家的大豆20批次和膨化大豆19批次,检测其中胰蛋白酶抑制因子、抗原蛋白（包括大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白）、低聚糖（包括水苏糖和棉籽糖）等抗营养因子的含量和脲酶活性,并与在膨化加工企业采集的2批次大豆原料和在不同加工条件下制备的8批次膨化大豆中相应抗营养因子的含量进行比较分析。其中胰蛋白酶抑制因子和抗原蛋白采用酶联免疫法测定;低聚糖采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定,示差检测器检测。同时通过提取方式、活性炭用量、提取液浓度、料液比单因素试验,对苏糖和棉籽糖两种低聚糖的提取方法进行优化。综合分析检测结果,研究挤压膨化工艺对大豆主要抗营养因子含量或活性的影响。【结果】优化后的提取方法如下：称取一定质量的样品以料液比1﹕25加入体积分数为70%乙醇水溶液,微波辅助提取,离心浓缩,定容至25 mL,涡旋混匀,取2 mL离心检测。膨化大豆中胰蛋白酶抑制因子、抗原蛋白的含量及脲酶活性均显著低于大豆原料,而大豆和膨化大豆中的低聚糖含量没有显著差异。膨化大豆中脲酶活性基本为0,比大豆的脲酶活性低99%以上,胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量比大豆约降低66%,大豆球蛋白的含量约降低67%,β-伴大豆球蛋白含量降低90%以上,水苏糖和棉籽糖的总含量基本保持不变。推断市场上大豆原料中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子的含量范围为32.5-89.6 mg·g^-1,大豆球蛋白含量范围为91.0-143.1 mg·g^-1,β-伴大豆球蛋白的含量范围为161.1-268.7 mg·g^-1,棉籽糖含量范围为3.3-8.78 mg·g^-1,水苏糖的含量范围在21.4-34.16 mg·g^-1,脲酶活性范围为3.6-9.42 U·g^-1;膨化大豆样品中胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量范围为10.7-31.1 mg·g^-1,大豆球蛋白含量范围为17.7-64.5 mg·g^-1,β-伴大豆球蛋白含量范围为9.3-57.5 mg·g^-1,棉籽糖含量范围为4.25-10.21 mg·g^-1,水苏糖的含量范围为17.68-34.15 mg·g^-1 ,脲酶活性范围为0.00-0.02 U·g^-1。【结论】挤压膨化过程能显著降低大豆中主要抗营养因子的含量,从而减少这些因子带来的不良反应,并能提高大豆营养物质的利用率。     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.