河蟹养殖自动作业船导航控制系统设计与测试

针对河蟹养殖过程中存在的水草清理难度大、喂料投饵不均匀、人力成本高等问题,该文设计了一种基于ARM(advanced RISC machine)和GPS/INS(global positioning system/inertial navigation system)组合导航的多功能全自动河蟹养殖作业船导航控制系统。该系统由明轮驱动船、ARM主控制器、GPS/INS组合导航装置等组成。为降低传统的基于有限目标点航道位置计算方法的复杂度并减小船体偏离航道的误差,该文提出了一种基于实时插点的航道位置计算方法,实时地解算出当前时刻的目标位置,并设计了相应的转弯及航道切换策略。针对明轮船具有非线性、大时滞、欠阻尼的运动特点,设计了基于模糊PID(proportion integration differentiation)的航向、航速双闭环运动控制算法;基于嵌入式Linux操作系统,设计了船载子系统软件,并编写了上位机监控程序对船载子系统的运行状态进行实时监控。利用河蟹养殖作业船试验平台进行了航速及自动导航试验,并对有限目标点和实时插点的航道位置计算方法的控制效果进行了对比。试验结果表明:船体速度响应较快,超调量不超过5%,稳态误差可控制在3%以内;采用有限点的航道位置计算方法时,船体在转弯与直行时偏离航道的最大误差分别为2.12和1.52m;采用实时插点的航道位置计算方法时,船体在转弯与直行时偏离航道的最大误差分别为0.36和0.09m,分别下降了83.02%和94.08%,船体的控制精度得到了全面的改善。该文可以为多功能河蟹养殖作业船的研究提供重要参考。     

时间序列分析模型在江苏省河蟹总产量预测中的应用

根据Box-Jenkins建模原理,采用ARI MAR(2,0,0)模型对江苏省河蟹总产量进行了拟合及预测研究。结果显示,所建模型的残差序列为白噪声,AIC为48.015 7,模型拟合值与实际值的相关系数为0.995 1,拟合度为0.990 1,表明组建的ARI MAR(2,0,0)模型结构合理,拟合效果好;用2006年江苏省河蟹总产量进行验证,相对误差为3.8%,表明ARI MAR(2,0,0)模型对江苏省河蟹总产量时间序列的变化趋势进行拟合和预测是可行的,是一种短期预测精度较高的预测模型。     

提高河蟹期仔蟹成活率的关键技术

河蟹仔蟹培育成活率低的重要原因是盐度不适,全淡水环境不利于蟹幼体对渗透压的调节。本试验用08%盐度人工海水培育幼体,其期仔蟹成活率比对照组提高34倍。人工海水配方中的Mg2 浓度宜选400mgL左右。     

长江野生中华绒螯蟹育苗性能的初步研究

2011年11月,从安徽省无为县选择野生长江中华绒螯蟹亲本1 388只,到江苏省如东县进行天然海水生态育苗,其中雄蟹350只,总重80.05 kg;雌蟹1 038只,总重194.05 kg。在面积为2.5亩的池塘中,进行对比育苗试验,繁育盐度保持在19‰~26‰,pH变化范围在8.28~8.90,比较野生长江中华绒螯蟹与普通蟹之间繁育性状的差异。结果表明,野生亲本的体重和卵重均高于普通亲本,差异极显著;野生亲本与普通亲本的成熟系数和相对繁殖力差异不显著;野生蟹产卵率(52.85%)高于普通蟹产卵率(30.91%);野生蟹亲本组幼体发育较普通幼体发育为快,幼体个体较大,共产大眼幼体苗6.5 kg,大眼幼体规格137 848个.kg-1,平均125.3只.g-1;普通亲本组大眼幼体共产23 kg,规格为156 468个.kg-1,平均156.5只.g-1。     

2000—2009年舟山市蟹笼渔业的发展概况

介绍了2000—2009年舟山市蟹笼渔业的捕捞力量与产量、产值的发展概况,主要生产渔场、渔期及渔获物组成的变化。分析研究了10年来蟹笼渔业产量变化的缘由,探讨了蟹笼渔业对三疣梭子蟹资源衰退的影响,并对舟山市蟹笼渔业存在的问题,提出了相应的管理建议。     

Implications of intraguild predation for sea turtle nest protection

In the United States, raccoons Procyon lotor are often removed from sea turtle nesting beaches to decrease egg mortality. However, raccoons also consume ghost crabs Ocypode quadrata, another common egg predator. Reducing predator populations can benefit secondary predators, inflating total predation pressure and leading to a decline in prey species. We used track and burrow counts to compare raccoon and ghost crab abundance at four beaches in Florida, USA, that differ in management activity and determined predation rates on loggerhead Caretta caretta nests by each predator. Mean raccoon abundance (range 0.12-0.46 tracks plot⁻¹ night⁻¹) and ghost crab density (0.09-0.19 burrows m⁻²) were inversely correlated. Ghost crabs were largest at the site with the fewest raccoons. The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of ghost crabs (mean 9.8‰) were positively correlated with body mass, indicating larger ghost crabs feed at a higher trophic level and suggesting large ghost crabs may consume more loggerhead eggs. The highest rates of egg predation by both predators (31%) occurred where raccoon abundance was lowest and ghost crab abundance was highest, suggesting ghost crab burrows may facilitate predation by raccoons. Our data suggest that predation by raccoons limits ghost crabs and that removing raccoons can increase ghost crab abundance and sea turtle egg mortality. Although predator removal can be effective when nest predation rates are quite high, maintaining moderate raccoon densities may be important for controlling ghost crabs. These results highlight the importance of understanding food web connectivity in developing management strategies to achieve conservation goals, especially when the species of concern are threatened or facing extinction.     

基于空间模型技术的拟人机械腿的运动学传递性能分析

为了弥补当前拟人机器人结构的不足和改善拟人机械腿的通用性和适应性。该文提出了一种拟人机械腿机构,并研究了该拟人机械腿的运动学传递性能。推导出该拟人机械腿的位置反解及运动传递平衡方程,定义了运动传递性能评价指标及大小腿的全域性能评价指标,在有限的空间图形中,分别研究了各结构参数(各主要杆件的长度及结构角度)与各全域线速度传递性能的评价指标、全域角速度传递性能的评价指标之间的分布规律。研究结果表明,各结构参数的取值越靠近中间值时,全域线速度传递性能的评价指标值较好,随着杆WE、杆ED与杆O1D的增加,全域角速度传递性能的评价指标值越好,随着杆OC、BC、DO1和GH的减小,全域角速度传递性能的评价指标值越好。该研究为此种拟人机械腿的进一步参数优化、轨迹规划及研制提供依据。     

大规格河蟹健康养殖的种质研究

河蟹苗种的质量是大规格河蟹健康养殖成功与否的关键因素之一。在选择蟹种前,必须掌握不同水系蟹种的特点,要善于从不同水系的蟹种中选择优质亲本和苗种。另外,既要能识别性早熟的蟹种,也要尽可能自行培育优质蟹种。在合理放养时,要注意河蟹种的优先选择顺序,同时要掌握放养的技术要点。     

宁夏银川地区池塘养殖河蟹技术探讨

从池塘修建、河蟹放养规格、时间、密度、生产管理和疾病防治等方面探讨了宁夏银川地区池塘养殖河蟹技术,试验养殖的河蟹产量达6 393.0 kg/hm2、平均135.3 g/只,经济效益达18 840元/hm2,具有较好的开发前景。     

Habitat fragmentation in marine landscapes: relative effects of habitat cover and configuration on juvenile crab survival in California and North Carolina seagrass beds

Processes that dictate faunal abundance (e.g. predation) may be linked primarily to the configuration of habitat (e.g. patch size, patch isolation, proximity to edge) or simply to the amount of habitat (i.e. habitat cover) in marine and terrestrial systems. I asked whether juvenile crab survival in marine seagrass habitats is linked to habitat cover or to habitat configuration, and whether relationships between crab survival and habitat features were similar in two widely separated seagrass landscapes (Bodega Harbor, California and Back Sound, North Carolina, USA). I also evaluated the independent effects of seagrass structural complexity (shoot density and shoot biomass per unit area) and habitat fragmentation on crab survival. Juvenile red rock crabs (Cancer productus: 1+year class) were tethered in Bodega Harbor and juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus: 0+year class) were tethered in Back Sound. Seagrass cover in both landscapes ranged from <10 to 100% over 10×10 m areas. Crab survival was correlated with elements of landscape structure and structural complexity in both landscapes, but relationships between crab survival and specific habitat features differed between the two landscapes. In California, juvenile red rock crab survival was negatively correlated with seagrass cover and was positively correlated with seagrass shoot density, and was marginally (P=0.06) negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. In North Carolina, juvenile blue crab survival was positively correlated with log₁₀ patch area and was negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. The results indicate that (1) both seagrass cover and configuration may influence crab survival; (2) seagrass structural complexity influences crab survival independently of landscape structure; (3) the relative influence of cover, configuration and structural complexity on survival likely differ among seagrass landscapes; and (4) increasing structural complexity (e.g. shoot biomass) may not always lead to increased faunal survival. The results correspond to those of recent studies in marine and terrestrial landscapes showing widely variable faunal responses to landscape structure among species, geographic location and through time, and imply that seagrass restoration and conservation strategies should incorporate species-specific responses to habitat structure at multiple scales.