长江口九段沙中华绒螯蟹体内重金属和有机氯农药的分布特征

对采自长江口九段沙湿地的雌性和雄性中华绒螯蟹身体肌肉、肝胰腺和性腺中重金属和有机氯农药的含量分布进行了研究。结果表明,雌蟹肝胰腺和性腺对Pb、Cd、Cr、As的富集能力较强,而雄蟹肝胰腺对Cd、As的富集能力较强。DDTs和BHCs的个体富集能力性别差异不明显,但是表现出肝胰腺〉性腺≥肌肉的器官分布差异。BHCs中β-BHC的异常高值和α-BHC与γ-BHC的比值小于3,说明中华绒螯蟹体内的BHCs具有较长的环境存留时间,并可能有林丹的新近输入。（DDE＋DDD）/DDT的比值远大于1,说明该地区中华绒鳌蟹洄游和生活的水体环境中没有新的DDTs污染源。     

Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,fatty acid profile and enzymatic activity of juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

The main objective of this investigation was to study the lipid requirements of the early juvenile (C1) swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) based on growth performance, survival, moulting and fatty acid profile. Four test diets were formulated with graded lipid levels (3.63%, 6.70%, 10.72% and 13.91%). Each diet was fed to 4 replicates of crabs (30 crabs per replicate initial weight (8.4 ± 0.1 mg). In this study, crabs fed diets with 13.91% lipid had significantly (p < 0.05) higher survival than crabs fed with 3.63% lipid, but no significant (p > 0.05) improvement of survival was observed when dietary lipid increase from 6.70% to 13.91%. Crabs fed diets with 10.72% and 13.91% lipid had significant higher weight gain(WG) than crabs fed with 3.63% lipid. While crabs fed with diets containing 6.70%, 10.72% and 13.91% lipid showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference in weight gain(WG). Moreover, the lowest moulting number was observed in crabs fed diets with 3.63% lipid, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among other groups. The content of LC‐PUFA and DHA in the crabs fed diets with 3.63% lipid was significant (p < 0.05) lower compared to other groups. But there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in EPA and ARA content among all groups. The activity of lipase increased as dietary lipid level increased (from 6.70% to 10.72%). However, beyond 10.72%, a significant (p < 0.05) decreased in lipase activity was observed. The regression analysis of weight gain data indicated that crab fed diet containing 10.47% lipid level is considered as optimum lipid level for its maximum growth and moulting process.     

稻田养蟹"盘山模式"的水温特征分析

[目的]研究稻田养蟹＂盘山模式＂的水温特征。[方法]利用稻田养蟹＂盘山模式＂中水田温度和气象监测资料,分析了该模式中不同深度的水温随天气变化的特征,同时结合试验基地2009年的河蟹和水稻的生产效益,讨论了水温变化给河蟹生态养殖带来的效益。[结果]盘山稻田养蟹模式无论在晴天或雨天均能够在一定程度上很好地改良河蟹最重要的生存环境因子之一——水温,扩大了河蟹生存活动的垂直空间。[结论]为实现水稻增产、河蟹养成规格增大提供保障。     

稻田养蟹“盘山模式”的水温特征分析（摘要）

[目的]研究稻田养蟹＂盘山模式＂的水温特征。[方法]利用稻田养蟹＂盘山模式＂中水田温度和气象监测资料,分析了该模式中不同深度的水温随天气变化的特征,同时结合试验基地2009年的河蟹和水稻的生产效益,讨论了水温变化给河蟹生态养殖带来的效益。[结果]盘山模式无论在晴天或雨天均能够在一定程度上,很好地改良河蟹最重要的生存环境因子之一——水温,扩大了河蟹生存活动的垂直空间。[结论]为实现水稻增产、河蟹养成规格增大提供保障。     

Post-molt processes of cuticle formation and calcification in the Japanese mitten crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriocheir japonicus</Emphasis>

This study examines the following in the Japanese mitten crab: (1) the structure of the exoskeleton with special reference to its calcification; (2) the progression of post-molt cuticle formation and calcification. In the crab, the structure and calcification state of the exoskeleton at the molt and during the inter-molt stage were similar to those of other crustaceans. During the inter-molt, the exoskeleton consisted of four cuticle layers; the outermost epicuticle, the exocuticle, the endocuticle and the innermost membrane layer. Intense calcification was observed in the exo- and endocuticle. At the molt, the synthesis of the epi- and exocuticle was already complete, and the addition of the endocuticle began after the molt. Calcification of the exocuticle initiated soon after the molt, but there was a delay between endocuticle matrix synthesis and calcification. Histology showed that the process of calcification was similar to that in other crustaceans. However, calcium concentrations within the exoskeleton continued to increase and never reached the levels of the inter-molt stage at the end of the experiment. This suggests that the Japanese mitten crab is relatively slow to calcify compared to other crustaceans.     

电子鼻在中华绒螯蟹产地鉴别及等级评定上的应用

采用电子鼻对阳澄湖、松江、崇明的不同等级中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)各可食部位香气轮廓进行了检测。特级、1级、2级阳澄湖中华绒螯蟹体肉、钳肉、足肉、性腺4部位香气轮廓区分显著。采用软独立建模的方法, 分别建立了基于单部位及联合多部位的阳澄湖中华绒螯蟹产地鉴别模型, 结果表明应用联合多部位模型, 对非阳澄湖蟹的识别率达到100%。采用偏最小二乘回归法建立了电子鼻响应信号与中华绒螯蟹等级评分的回归模型, 相关系数为0.96, 表明基于此模型可判定中华绒螯蟹蟹样等级。

     

河蟹青虾混养池塘循环水净化效能的初步分析

在河蟹青虾混养池塘构建封闭式循环水养殖系统,并对其净化效果和养殖效益进行了初步研究。结果表明：该系统对水体TN、TP、NH4＋-N和CODMn的平均净化效率分别为27.33%、56.14%、43.91%和39.59%。经湿地净化后的水质能够达到GB3838-2002地表水Ⅲ类排放标准,平均纯收益达53769元/hm2。     

湛江近海虾拖网虾蟹类渔获组成

在2012 年8 月进行的南海北部虾拖网海上调查的基础上,对虾蟹类渔获的种类组成、生物学特征和幼 体比例等进行了分析。结果显示,渔获种类一共71 种,其中虾蟹类15 种,但其产量却占总产量的82.34%;虾类优势 种为日本囊对虾（Marsupenaeus japonicus）、刀额新对虾（Metapenaeus ensis）、近缘新对虾（M. affinis）和周氏新对虾（M. joyneri）;蟹类优势种为红星梭子蟹（Portunus sanguinolentus）、三疣梭子蟹（P. trituberculatus）和远海梭子蟹（P. pelagicus）;刀额新对虾的幼虾比例为73.36%,三疣梭子蟹的幼蟹比例为78.79%。最后,探讨了促进南海虾蟹类资源 合理利用的措施。     

Environmental correlates of two macro-decapods distribution in Central Italy: Multi-dimensional ecological knowledge as a tool for conservation of endangered species

Using a multi-dimensional ecological design, this study aimed first to analyse whether local environmental conditions can account for the spatial segregation of two Italian native decapods, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus and the river crab Potamon fluviatile, in Central Italy freshwater ecosystems. Second, we aimed to analyse which environmental variables were more closely associated with the presence/absence of the two decapods in specific sites within their distribution area. Following a factorial design, a total of 32 sites were selected in two neighbouring geographic areas, one occupied by crayfish and one by crabs. Within each distribution area, eight streams where the decapod was present and eight where it was not present were selected. At each site, macro-invertebrate community composition and 16 abiotic variables were recorded and analysed with multi-variate methods. Variations in physical (minimum and maximum temperatures), chemical (calcium, oxygen, nitrate and nitrite) and geomorphological (substrate composition) parameters explained spatial segregation of P. fluviatile and A. italicus in the study area. The occurrence of crayfish reflected variations of chemistry (such as pH, calcium, nitrate and nitrite concentrations), temperature, water depth and substrate composition. On the contrary, the presence of the river crab, within its occurrence zone, was not associated to any biotic and abiotic parameters and was probably affected by anthropogenic pressure and uncontrolled harvesting. These findings provide fundamental ecological data for the maintenance of the two decapod natural populations as well as for the selection of areas and streams adequate for their reintroduction.     

Implications of intraguild predation for sea turtle nest protection

In the United States, raccoons Procyon lotor are often removed from sea turtle nesting beaches to decrease egg mortality. However, raccoons also consume ghost crabs Ocypode quadrata, another common egg predator. Reducing predator populations can benefit secondary predators, inflating total predation pressure and leading to a decline in prey species. We used track and burrow counts to compare raccoon and ghost crab abundance at four beaches in Florida, USA, that differ in management activity and determined predation rates on loggerhead Caretta caretta nests by each predator. Mean raccoon abundance (range 0.12-0.46 tracks plot⁻¹ night⁻¹) and ghost crab density (0.09-0.19 burrows m⁻²) were inversely correlated. Ghost crabs were largest at the site with the fewest raccoons. The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of ghost crabs (mean 9.8‰) were positively correlated with body mass, indicating larger ghost crabs feed at a higher trophic level and suggesting large ghost crabs may consume more loggerhead eggs. The highest rates of egg predation by both predators (31%) occurred where raccoon abundance was lowest and ghost crab abundance was highest, suggesting ghost crab burrows may facilitate predation by raccoons. Our data suggest that predation by raccoons limits ghost crabs and that removing raccoons can increase ghost crab abundance and sea turtle egg mortality. Although predator removal can be effective when nest predation rates are quite high, maintaining moderate raccoon densities may be important for controlling ghost crabs. These results highlight the importance of understanding food web connectivity in developing management strategies to achieve conservation goals, especially when the species of concern are threatened or facing extinction.