长江野生中华绒螯蟹育苗性能的初步研究

2011年11月,从安徽省无为县选择野生长江中华绒螯蟹亲本1 388只,到江苏省如东县进行天然海水生态育苗,其中雄蟹350只,总重80.05 kg;雌蟹1 038只,总重194.05 kg。在面积为2.5亩的池塘中,进行对比育苗试验,繁育盐度保持在19‰~26‰,pH变化范围在8.28~8.90,比较野生长江中华绒螯蟹与普通蟹之间繁育性状的差异。结果表明,野生亲本的体重和卵重均高于普通亲本,差异极显著;野生亲本与普通亲本的成熟系数和相对繁殖力差异不显著;野生蟹产卵率(52.85%)高于普通蟹产卵率(30.91%);野生蟹亲本组幼体发育较普通幼体发育为快,幼体个体较大,共产大眼幼体苗6.5 kg,大眼幼体规格137 848个.kg-1,平均125.3只.g-1;普通亲本组大眼幼体共产23 kg,规格为156 468个.kg-1,平均156.5只.g-1。     

中华绒螯蟹部分基因组文库构建和微卫星位点的筛选

利用磁珠富集和放射性杂交相结合构建了中华绒螯蟹基因组微卫星文库.并利用生物素标记的(GA)12探针进行微卫星片段的富集.将得到的片段与pGEM-T载体连接后转入DHSα大肠杆菌中,然后利用γ-32P同位素标记的(GA)12:探针进行第二次筛选.结果共获得微卫星基因组文库1 500个菌,杂交前菌落PCR检测阳性克隆率为62.5%;杂交后得到的阳性克隆为447个,占29.8%.经测序,有248个克隆含有重复次数大于5次的微卫星序列.在得到的微卫星序列中,重复单元除GA/CT外,还观察到三碱基、四碱基重复单元.根据侧翼序列没计引物164对,选择合成50对,通过优化PCR反应条件,结果有21对引物可扩增出清晰可重复的目的条带,15对具有多态性.本研究对中华绒螯蟹基因组资源的开发利用提供了相关资料.     

3种水草腐解对水质的影响

为了探究河蟹生态养殖池塘常见的3种水草腐解对水质的影响,进行了为期60 d的室内桶装模拟试验,监测水草质量损失率和桶内水体水质指标的变化。结果表明:3种水草的腐解速率有相同的特点,即前期较快,中、后期较慢,同时也存在差异性,轮叶黑藻和伊乐藻的腐解速率相近且较快,金鱼藻最慢;试验结束时,轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻和金鱼藻的质量损失率分别达到72.3%±2.1%、71.7%±1.5%和58.3%±0.6%。腐解前期水质因子的变化较大,水体由中性变为酸性;3种水草水体化学需氧量较试验初期升高约4.5倍,水体发黄、发臭;溶解氧被极大地消耗,水体处于缺氧或厌氧环境,促进了反硝化的进行,硝氮迅速降低,而亚硝氮和氨氮迅速升高,其中氨氮约是初始含量的6倍;总氮、总磷升高明显,其中总磷在所有水质因子中变化幅度最大,第3天,轮叶黑藻、伊乐藻和金鱼藻处理组水体总磷分别增加约123、124和66倍。随着腐解的进行,水体的部分氮、磷沉积进入底泥。总而言之,较多的水草残留在池塘中,会引起水体缺氧,加剧植物残体的腐解,导致水质恶化,因此需要适时地通过人工打捞来控制水草残体的生物量。     

氨基多糖螯合盐对扣蟹非特异性免疫力的影响

[目的]探讨氨基多糖螯合盐对扣蟹非特异性免疫力的影响。[方法]通过在配合饵料中添加氨基多糖螯合盐,研究其对扣蟹非特异性免疫力[碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、溶菌酶活性]的影响。[结果]氨基多糖螯合盐可以有效提高扣蟹AKP、ACP、SOD和溶菌酶活性。[结论]在饲料中添加氨基多糖螯合盐对于增强扣蟹非特异性免疫力有一定功效。     

河蟹生态养殖池塘溶解氧分布变化的研究

在晴天、强风和阴雨天等不同天气,对高温季节河蟹生态养殖池塘水草稀疏区和水草密集区的水体溶解氧进行昼夜测定,并对强风天,池塘上下风处溶解氧进行测定。测定结果显示,池塘水体溶解氧14:00～16:00最高,4:00～6:00最低。高温季节无风晴天10:00～16:00河蟹池塘上下水层存在热阻力现象,导致上下层溶解氧存在显著差异(P<0.05),14:00最大差值为10.4 mg/L;6:00底层溶解氧为0.2～2.5 mg/L。强风天,在风力作用下,14:00上下层溶解氧差异缩小;6:00底层溶解氧为1.2～4.9 mg/L。阴雨天,光照强度较弱,上下层溶解氧差异最小,14:00最大差值为3.4 mg/L;6:00底层溶解氧为0.6～1.0 mg/L。晴天、多云等天气,水草密集区水体溶解氧显著高于水草稀疏区(P<0.05),而阴雨天夜晚水草稀疏区溶解氧略高于水草密集区。强风天,16:00下风处溶解氧显著高于上风处(P<0.05);6:00下风处溶解氧略高于上风处,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。此结果表明河蟹生态养殖池塘内水草是主要的溶解氧生产者,也为池塘增氧设备的使用提供一定的参考。     

CARDIOVASCULAR AND GASTROINTESTINAL RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST STUDIES IN THE HORSESHOE CRAB (LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS)

Survey and contrast radiographic studies of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) were undertaken using conventional and flouroscopic techniques. Normal gastrointestinal and cardiovascular structures were difficult to resolve on survey radiographs, but were well visualized with gastrointestinal follow through studies and angiography, respectively. All three contrast agents (iohexol, Gastrografin, and barium sulfate) used for the gastrointestinal studies varied minimally in their radiographic quality and transit times, and all appeared to be safe for use in the horseshoe crab.     

Collection,Analysis, and Utilization of Biogas from Anaerobic Treatment of Crab Processing Waters

Abstract

Two laboratory-scale, upflow anaerobic reactors were constructed to treat blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) cooking wastewater for determination of the volume and composition of the resulting bio-gas. Both systems (A and B) consisted of two 4-liter (L) upflow anaerobic reactors and one 8-L aerobic reactor in series. The first anaerobic reactor of System A contained 240,12.7 mm foam cubes, while the first anaerobic reactor of System B contained 180 foam pieces (25.4 ×25.4 ×12.7 mm). Biogas production rates for System A ranged from 6.6 L gas/L feed to 10.0 L gas/L feed. Mean values for System B ranged from 7.1 L gas/L feed to 11.9 L gas/L feed. Methane and carbon dioxide comprised 68% and 28%, respectively, of the gas from both systems. Hydrogen sulfide averaged 1.5% and 1.4% for systems A and B, respectively. A pilot-scale biogas collection and utilization system was also constructed and successfully demonstrated. Details of the pilot-scale system design are provided in the paper to help processors better understand how the technology might be applied.     

饥饿对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体和Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮和生长的影响#br#

为了给拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)苗种培育过程中饵料的合理投喂提供基础理论数据,采用投喂-饥饿和饥饿-投喂的处理方式对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体和Ⅰ期仔蟹分别开展营养储存饱和点实验(PRS)和不可恢复点实验(PNR),研究饥饿对大眼幼体和Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮和生长的影响。结果显示,大眼幼体的PRS实验中,投喂时间≤2 d时,大眼幼体的蜕皮率为0;投喂时间≥4 d时,大眼幼体的蜕皮率和发育时间与连续投喂组(F组)无显著性差异;但投喂4 d-饥饿组(F4S组)大眼幼体蜕皮后Ⅰ期仔蟹的增重率和个体大小均显著小于F组(P<0.05)。大眼幼体的PNR实验中,饥饿2 d时大眼幼体的存活率仅为(30.00±13.23)%。Ⅰ期仔蟹的PRS实验中,连续饥饿组(S组)Ⅰ期仔蟹的蜕皮率为0,而投喂2 d-饥饿组(F2S组)、投喂3 d-饥饿组(F3S组)和F组3组Ⅰ期仔蟹的蜕皮率均无显著性差异。投喂1 d-饥饿组(F1S组)和F2S组Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮后Ⅱ期仔蟹的增重率和个体大小均显著小于F组(P<0.05),且F1S组Ⅰ期仔蟹的发育时间显著延长(P<0.05)。Ⅰ期仔蟹的PNR实验中,除饥饿1 d-投喂组(S1F组)外,F组Ⅰ期仔蟹的蜕皮率显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05);各组Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮后Ⅱ期仔蟹的增重率与饥饿时间呈负相关,而发育时间却与饥饿时间呈正相关;饥饿时间≥2 d时,Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕皮后Ⅱ期仔蟹的个体大小明显变小。拟合分析结果显示,大眼幼体的PRS;值是3.57 d,Ⅰ期仔蟹的PRS;和PNR;值分别是0.90 d和2.01 d。研究结果表明,新蜕皮的大眼幼体必须给予充足的饵料才可确保高的存活率,大眼幼体投喂6 d后可以适当减少投喂量,短期饥饿对Ⅰ期仔蟹蜕壳和生长的影响相对较小,Ⅰ期仔蟹的耐饥饿能力强于大眼幼体。     

Lipids and fatty acids in wild and pond-reared mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål) during ovarian maturation and spawning

Wild‐caught and pond‐reared female mud crab Scylla serrata at different stages of ovarian maturation were collected from Samar and Capiz, Philippines. Crabs were categorized into five stages according to the external morphological and microscopic appearance of the most advanced oocytes. The ovaries, hepatopancreas, muscle and newly spawned eggs (NSE) were analysed for lipid class components and fatty acids. Total lipid was higher in pond‐reared than in wild‐caught crabs but increased with ovarian maturation in both groups. Ovarian lipid peaked at the fully mature stage, coinciding with a decline in hepatopancreatic and muscle lipids. Lipid levels declined significantly in spent females. The tissues contained elevated highly unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic (20:4n‐6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n‐3) acids, but at higher levels in late maturing and fully mature ovaries and in NSE. The type of lipid class and fatty acid components in mature ovaries as well as in NSE are generally considered to be indicative of their importance in reproductive physiology and embryonic and larval development.