The effectiveness of cover crops during eight years of a UK sandland rotation

Abstract. Growing cover crops during the winter before spring-planted crops is often suggested as an effective method to decrease nitrate leaching. A four-course crop rotation (potatoes-cereal-sugarbeet-cereal) was followed through two rotations on a sandy soil in the English Midlands. Three management systems were imposed on the rotation to test their effects on nitrate loss. The effects of cover crops on nitrate leaching and crop yields were compared with the more conventional practice of over-winter bare fallow before potatoes and sugarbeet.
Cover crop N uptake was variable between years, averaging 25 kg ha⁻¹, which is typical of their performance on sandy soils in the UK. The cover crops usually decreased nitrate leaching but their effectiveness depended on good establishment before the start of drainage. Over 7 years, cover crops decreased the average N concentration in the drainage from 24 to 11 mg l⁻¹. Potato yield and tuber N offtake increased after cover crops. Ware tuber yield increased by an average of c . 8%; this was unlikely to be due to additional N mineralization from the cover crop because the potatoes received 220–250 kg fertilizer N ha⁻¹, and non-N effects are therefore implicated. Sugar yield was not increased following a cover crop.
After 8 years of nitrate-retentive practices, there were no measurable differences in soil organic matter. However, plots that had received only half of the N fertilizer each year contained, on average, 0.14% less organic matter at the end of the experiment.     

黄河小浪底水库蓄水前后库周土地覆被变化研究

选取黄河小浪底水库库周1993年和2000年TM遥感影像进行土地覆被变化分析,绘制出蓄水前后的土地利用现状图,计算出土地覆被变化的转移矩阵和景观结构的控制指标,分别从土地利用类型、空间景观结构特征及土地变化过程等方面进行了研究.研究结果表明:小浪底水库的施工和蓄水对库周的土地利用变化和空间景观结构的改变没有太大影响;由于林地向耕地和其它土地覆被类型转变,使得1993～2000年的模地类型由有林地向耕地转化     

冀南地区蔬菜保护地土壤养分变化特点

对冀南地区蔬菜保护地土壤养分现状及变化趋势进行了研究，结果表明，保护地耕层土壤有机质、土壤速效N、速效P和速效K比相邻露地栽培分别平均增加146．64％、51．68％、567．17％和110．41％；比1981年土壤分别增加143．23％、97．97％、2311．00％和98.8％。随栽培年限的增加，耕层土壤速效N、速效P和速效K有积累的趋势，土壤养分主要积累在0～20cm土层，随着土层加深土壤养分积累程度降低，其中以日光温室栽培的土壤养分积累高于塑料大棚。     

The effects of long-term conservation tillage, crop residues and P fertilizer on soil conditions and responses of summer and winter crops on an Andosol in Japan

A field experiment was conducted from 1983 to 1992 in Tsukuba, Japan to investigate the effects of tillage on soil conditions and crop growth in a light-colored Andosol. Three tillage methods (NT: no-tillage, RT: no-tillage for summer cropping and moldboard plowing for winter cropping, and CT: conventional rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm) were employed in combination with crop residue application (+R, −R) and fused magnesium phosphate (FMP) fertilization (+P, −P). Under the combination of NT and +R, diurnal variation of soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was smaller during the summer cropping season and soil temperature in the daytime was lower during the winter cropping season than under CT. Soil inorganic N concentration at a depth of 0–30 cm was +R > −R and NT > RT > CT. The early growth of summer crops was accelerated under NT in comparison with CT, and yields were higher under NT and RT in comparison with CT. On the other hand, winter crop yields were significantly reduced under NT, while they were still higher under RT in comparison with CT. Yields were higher with +R and +P application, respectively, and these effects were more pronounced in winter cropping. The positive effect of FMP fertilization was greater in combination with NT, and that of residue treatment was greater in combination with RT and NT than with CT. In conclusion, the best tillage practice for Andosols on the Kanto Plain is RT, i.e. a combination of NT for summer cropping and CT for winter cropping. The application of NT for winter cropping is not recommended, although the application of phosphate and crop residues could reduce the risk of yield reduction, because of improved soil nutrient status and moderation of diurnal soil temperature.     

机械化整秆覆盖膜侧沟播保护性耕作技术的试验研究

中国黄土高原地区由于干旱、无霜期短而严重影响春玉米产量,该文研究应用整秆覆盖免耕膜侧播种的耕作模式,在冬闲期采用机械将玉米秸秆整秆压倒覆盖免耕,在种植期带状起垄覆膜,膜侧播种,行间秸秆覆盖,集储水、保墒、增高地温于一体。结果表明,该技术与传统的露地深翻模式相比,具有明显的储水、保墒、增高地温和提高玉米产量的效果。     

遥感和GIS支持下的山东省植被覆盖动态变化分析

以2000年Landsat TM图像和2004年中巴资源2号卫星（CBERS-2）遥感图像为基本数据源,利用遥感与GIS技术对山东省植被覆盖现状及其动态变化进行了监测,建立了山东省植被覆盖遥感监测数据库,通过空间分析、数量变化分析、区域差异分析、流失流向分析,对山东省2000～2004年植被覆盖的时空变化进行了定量研究。结果表明：2004年山东省植被覆盖面积占全省土地总面积的15.28%,山地丘陵区为其集中分布区。2000～2004年间山东省植被覆盖总的变化趋势是减少的,但速度是缓慢的,植被覆盖变化区域差异明显,植被覆盖的增加主要来源于耕地,植被覆盖的减少主要流向于耕地、水域、城乡居民点和工矿用地。     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

准噶尔盆地绿洲-沙漠过渡带植被时空演变特征

通过对准噶尔盆地绿洲-沙漠过渡带的植被种群和覆盖度的调查,以及1989年和2000年两期TM影像景观格局的解译,运用时间动态度和Ripley's K函数的方法分析了准噶尔盆地绿洲-沙漠过渡带植被的时空变化特征.结果表明,1989～2000年,研究区内人为垦地幅度较大,农田面积增加,而天然植被区域被垦地利用或破坏,造成植被面积减少,总的覆盖度降低,同时沙化面积加大.     

湖北省国家一级保护野生动物的现状与保护对策

笔者就湖北省分布的23种国家一级保护动物的种群数量、分布情况进行描述,并提出了相应的保护对策。     

秸秆覆盖对沟灌水盐迁移与玉米水分利用效率的影响

为研究河套灌区盐渍化土壤垄背地膜和秸秆覆盖下的沟灌土壤水盐迁移特征,明晰沟灌作物产量及水分利用效率的变化规律,设置垄背秸秆覆盖量分别为0.3（P0.3）、0.6（P0.6）、0.9（P0.9）、1.2kg/m 2 （P1.2）和常规覆膜（DM）、裸地不覆盖（CK）6种处理,于2019年进行沟灌灌水试验,对比分析了不同秸秆覆盖量下玉米生育期前后沟断面土壤水盐分布、作物产量及水分利用效率的变化情况。结果表明：玉米苗期,覆膜和秸秆覆盖处理能显著降低作物无效耗水,保证生育后期对水分的需求;抽雄灌浆期,覆膜增温效应促进了作物生长,DM处理玉米耗水强烈,土壤储水量最低;玉米成熟期,垂直方向土壤水分运动较前期减弱。整体来看,P1.2、P0.9处理蓄水保墒效果较好（P<0.05）。沟灌灌水定额较小、盐分淋洗效果较差,且受土壤蒸发及地下水补给作用,因此造成根系层盐分累积。覆膜和秸秆覆盖处理均能有效抑制盐分聚集,P1.2和P0.9处理生育末期的土壤含盐量较初始含盐量增幅较小,分别为14.10%和24.74%。P0.9和DM处理产量和水分利用效率较CK分别提高20.01%、25.46%和11.32%、15.29%,增幅较大;过量秸秆覆盖造成播期土壤温度偏低,会影响玉米出苗,P1.2处理玉米产量和水分利用效率较DM处理略有降低,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。采用主成分分析法对沟灌秸秆覆盖下土壤保墒抑盐效果、玉米出苗、产量以及水分利用效率等因素进行综合评价,初步确定适宜的沟灌秸秆覆盖模式,建议采用0.9~1.2kg/m 2 的垄背秸秆覆盖量代替常规地膜覆盖,以减小地膜残留带来的环境污染。本研究可为灌区农业栽培提供一定借鉴。